{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:49Z","timestamp":1760148589816,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children, although mostly affected mildly or asymptomatically, have also developed severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to assess potential predictors of intensive care unit (ICU) admission in a large population (n = 21,121) of children aged 0\u20139 years with laboratory-confirmed disease. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a publicly available dataset derived from the normative epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 in Mexico. The primary binary outcome of interest was admission to the ICU due to respiratory failure. Results showed that immunosuppressed children and those with a personal history of cardiovascular disease had a higher likelihood of being admitted to the ICU, while increasing age and the pandemic duration were associated with a lower likelihood of admission. The study\u2019s results have the potential to inform clinical decision-making and enhance management and outcomes for children affected by COVID-19 in Mexico.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T05:04:44Z","timestamp":1684731884000},"page":"3593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predictors of ICU Admission in Children with COVID-19: Analysis of a Large Mexican Population Dataset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-5922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha I.","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Lapisl\u00e1zuli 250, Col. El Haya, Villa de \u00c1lvarez 28984, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6727-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Esquivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Lapisl\u00e1zuli 250, Col. El Haya, Villa de \u00c1lvarez 28984, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1118-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efr\u00e9n","family":"Murillo-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Lapisl\u00e1zuli 250, Col. El Haya, Villa de \u00c1lvarez 28984, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Government of Mexico (2023, April 10). National General Information: COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/datos.covid-19.conacyt.mx\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-216129","article-title":"Hospitalisation and mortality from COVID-19 in Mexican indigenous people: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"76","author":"Seiglie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.10.029","article-title":"Survival in adult inpatients with COVID-19","volume":"190","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murillo-Zamora, E., Trujillo, X., Huerta, M., Rios-Silva, M., Lugo-Radillo, A., and Mendoza-Cano, O. (2022). Decreased survival in children inpatients with COVID-19 and antibiotic prescription. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07516-x"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ripoll, J., and Font, J. (2023). A Discrete Model for the Evolution of Infection Prior to Symptom Onset. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11051092"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S391917","article-title":"Predictors of Mortality Among Children with Confirmed and Suspected Cases of COVID-19 in East Java, Indonesia","volume":"16","author":"Efendi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictors of COVID-19 severity: A literature review","volume":"31","author":"Aghagoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13404","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13404","article-title":"SARS-CoV2 and immunosuppression: A double-edged sword","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002630","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002630","article-title":"COVID-19 in immunocompromised populations: Implications for prognosis and repurposing of immunotherapies","volume":"9","author":"Goldman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.09.006","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised individuals","volume":"55","author":"DeWolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirelli, C., De Amici, M., Albrici, C., Mira, S., Nalesso, G., Re, B., Corsico, A.G., Mondoni, M., and Centanni, S. (2023). Exploring the Role of Immune System and Inflammatory Cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Lung Disease: A Narrative Review. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020177"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e045482","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045482","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalised patients: A prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Collard","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Cosme, J.L., Rolon-Porras, C., Aguinaga-Rios, M., Acosta-Granado, P.M., Reyes-Munoz, E., and Murguia-Peniche, T. (2016). Mortality from Congenital Heart Disease in Mexico: A Problem on the Rise. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150422"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12631","article-title":"Mortality trends from congenital malformations of the heart and the great vessels in children and adults in the seven socioeconomic regions of Mexico, 2000\u20132015","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"360","article-title":"Demographic analysis of a congenital heart disease clinic of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, with special interest in the adult","volume":"88","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiol. Mex."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Pena, S.M., Calvo-Anguiano, G., Martinez-de-Villarreal, L.E., Ancer-Rodriguez, P.R., Lugo-Trampe, J.J., Saldivar-Rodriguez, D., Hernandez-Almaguer, M.D., Calzada-Davila, M., Guerrero-Orjuela, L.S., and Campos-Acevedo, L.D. (2021). Maternal Folic Acid Intake and Methylation Status of Genes Associated with Ventricular Septal Defects in Children: Case-Control Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062071"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.04.006","article-title":"Role of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 variations in COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Antony","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w20417","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20417","article-title":"Cardiovascular aspects of COVID-19","volume":"150","author":"Kurz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01689-3","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doerre, A., and Doblhammer, G. (2022). The influence of gender on COVID-19 infections and mortality in Germany: Insights from age- and gender-specific modeling of contact rates, infections, and deaths in the early phase of the pandemic. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268119"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101320-125133","article-title":"Sex Differences in Immunity","volume":"40","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-021-00300-7","article-title":"The role of estradiol in the immune response against COVID-19","volume":"20","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13158","article-title":"Children and youth with diabetes are not at increased risk for hospitalization due to COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Cherubini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202008-3212OC","article-title":"Trends in Intensive Care for Patients with COVID-19 in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland","volume":"203","author":"Doidge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"162","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: Immune escape, transmission and fitness","volume":"21","author":"Carabelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972083","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.972083","article-title":"Waning immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination or infection","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxha, I., Agahi, R., Bimbashi, A., Aliu, M., Raka, L., Bajraktari, I., Beqiri, P., and Adams, L.V. (2022). Higher COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Are Associated with Lower COVID-19 Mortality: A Global Analysis. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010074"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mexican Ministry of Health (2023, April 26). COVID-19 Vaccination for Girls, Boys, and Adolescents with Chronic Diseases to Start in October. Press Release 402 (24 September 2021). [Online Document in Spanish]. Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/salud\/prensa\/402-en-octubre-inicia-vacunacion-contra-covid-19-para-ninas-ninos-y-adolescentes-con-enfermedades-cronicas?idiom=es."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/10\/3593\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:39:47Z","timestamp":1760125187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/10\/3593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12103593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12103593","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]}}}