{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:45:38Z","timestamp":1793724338873,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corneal astigmatism correction is a key factor when planning refractive treatment for ametropies with intraocular lenses. We aim to obtain normative anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism (ACA and PCA, respectively) data in a local population and to describe their axis distribution and their association with other parameters. A total of 795 patients with no ocular diseases were evaluated with corneal tomography and optical biometry. Only data of the right eye were included. Mean ACA and PCA were 1.01 \u00b1 0.79 and 0.34 \u00b1 0.17 D, respectively. Vertical steep axis distribution was 73.5% for ACA and 93.3% for PCA. Axis orientation between ACA and PCA matched best for vertical orientation (especially 90\u00b0 to 120\u00b0). Vertical ACA orientation frequency decreased with age, with a more positive sphere and less ACA. Vertical PCA orientation frequency increased with higher PCA. Eyes with vertical ACA orientation were younger and showed a greater white-to-white (WTW) measurement, anterior corneal elevations, ACA and PCA. Eyes with vertical PCA orientation were younger and showed greater anterior corneal elevations and PCA. Normative ACA and PCA data in a Spanish population were presented. Steep axis orientations presented differences with age, WTW, anterior corneal elevations and astigmatism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T03:56:58Z","timestamp":1684987018000},"page":"3664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Normative Topographic Anterior and Posterior Corneal Astigmatism: Axis Distribution and Its Relations with Ocular and Biometric Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Almor\u00edn-Fern\u00e1ndez-Vigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Oftalmolog\u00eda Avanzada, 06010 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Oftalmolog\u00eda Avanzada, 06010 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Perpetuo Socorro, 06010 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8745-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Oftalmolog\u00eda Avanzada, 28010 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2178-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Burgos-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"De-Pablo-G\u00f3mez-de-Lia\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 \u00c1ngel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Oftalmolog\u00eda Avanzada, 06010 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Internacional de Oftalmolog\u00eda Avanzada, 28010 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Macarro-Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Oftalmolog\u00eda Avanzada, 28010 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.06.027","article-title":"Correcting Astigmatism with Toric Intraocular Lenses: Effect of Posterior Corneal Astigmatism","volume":"39","author":"Koch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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