{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T13:43:07Z","timestamp":1768916587323,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and purpose: Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S-ICDs) have emerged in recent years as a valid alternative to traditional transvenous ICDs (TV-ICDs). Therefore, the number of S-ICD implantations is rising, leading to a consequent increase in S-ICD-related complications sometimes requiring complete device removal. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to gather all the available literature on S-ICD lead extraction (SLE), with particular reference to the type of indication, techniques, complications and success rate. Methods: Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (Medline via PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) from inception to 21 November 2022. The search strategy adopted was developed using the following key words: subcutaneous, S-ICD, defibrillator, ICD, extraction, explantation. Studies were included if they met both of the following criteria: (1) inclusion of patients with S-ICD; (2) inclusion of patients who underwent SLE. Results: Our literature search identified 238 references. Based on the abstract evaluation, 38 of these citations were considered potentially eligible for inclusion, and their full texts were analyzed. We excluded 8 of these studies because no SLE was performed. Eventually, 30 studies were included, with 207 patients who underwent SLE. Overall, the majority of SLEs were performed for non-infective causes (59.90%). Infection of the device (affecting either the lead or the pocket) was the cause of SLE in 38.65% of cases. Indication data were not available in 3\/207 cases. The mean dwelling time was 14 months. SLEs were performed using manual traction or with the aid of a tool designed for transvenous lead extraction (TLE), including either a rotational or non-powered mechanical dilator sheath. Conclusions: SLE is performed mainly for non-infective causes. Techniques vary greatly across different studies. Dedicated tools for SLE might be developed in the future and standard approaches should be defined. In the meantime, authors are encouraged to share their experience and data to further refine the existing variegated approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1685204253000},"page":"3710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Systematic Review on S-ICD Lead Extraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7393-1514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Vio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Medicine and Intensive Care, Dell\u2019Angelo Hospital, 30174 Mestre-Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Forlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Medicine and Intensive Care, Dell\u2019Angelo Hospital, 30174 Mestre-Venice, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"\u010culi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Centre Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sakis","family":"Themistoclakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Medicine and Intensive Care, Dell\u2019Angelo Hospital, 30174 Mestre-Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L8 7TX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Medicine and Intensive Care, Dell\u2019Angelo Hospital, 30174 Mestre-Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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Ed.)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:43:28Z","timestamp":1760125408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12113710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12113710","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]}}}