{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:55:59Z","timestamp":1768989359911,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22H03133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H03133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes. Islet transplantation is clinically performed through intra-portal infusion, which is associated with several drawbacks, including poor engraftment. The histological resemblance between the submandibular gland and the pancreas renders it an attractive alternative site for islet transplantation. In this study, we refined the technique of islet transplantation into the submandibular gland to achieve good morphological features. Then, we transplanted 2600 islet equivalents into the submandibular glands of diabetic Lewis rats. Intra-portal islet transplantation was performed in diabetic rats as a control. Blood glucose levels were followed for 31 days, and an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed. Immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the morphology of transplanted islets. Follow-up after transplantation showed that diabetes was cured in 2\/12 rats in the submandibular group in comparison to 4\/6 in the control group. The intravenous glucose tolerance test results of the submandibular and intra-portal groups were comparable. Immunohistochemistry showed large islet masses in the submandibular gland in all examined specimens with positive insulin staining. Our results show that submandibular gland tissue can support the islet function and engraftment but with considerable variability. Good morphological features were achieved using our refined technique. However, islet transplantation into rat submandibular glands did not demonstrate a clear advantage over conventional intra-portal transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T03:39:36Z","timestamp":1685331576000},"page":"3735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pancreatic Islet Transplantation into the Submandibular Gland: Our Experimental Experience and a Review of the Relevant Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9872-4303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Fathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takehiro","family":"Imura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Koraitim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1332","article-title":"Clinical islet transplantation: Advances and immunological challenges","volume":"4","author":"Ricordi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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