{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1783704978602,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw Medical University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Takayasu\u2019s arteritis (TA) is a type of vasculitis in which inflammation develops in large vessels, especially in the aorta and its branches. Our study aims to determine the prevalence and type of ocular manifestations in TA. A systematic literature search was conducted in December 2022 using three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). The following data were extracted from each article: the name of the first author; the patient\u2019s age, sex, and origin (continent); circumstances connected with the diagnosis of TA; symptoms given by the patients; reported ocular manifestations; and administered treatment. The final analysis was based on data collected from 122 cases. Retinal ischemia, followed by optic neuropathy, cataract, and retinal artery occlusion, were the most prevalent eye conditions associated with the disease. Systemic steroid therapy, vascular procedures, and methotrexate were mainly used to treat pulseless disease. Patients mostly complained of gradual vision acuity loss, sudden vision acuity loss, ocular pain, and amaurosis fugax. The diagnosis of Takayasu\u2019s arteritis should be considered in patients presenting symptoms of visual decline\/loss, ocular pain, or signs of retinal ischemia, optic neuropathy, or early cataract formation. A proper diagnosis is crucial to ensure the patient receives treatment without significant delay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1685346563000},"page":"3745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ocular Manifestations of Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis\u2014A Case-Based Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5374-8192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Szyde\u0142ko-Pa\u015bko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1099-4876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Prze\u017adziecka-Do\u0142yk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Photonics, Wroc\u0142aw Univeristy of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4273-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, University Center of Excellence in Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Ma\u0142yszczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Misiuk-Hoj\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190768","article-title":"Ocular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Connective Tissue Disease, and Vasculitis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis","volume":"48","author":"Turk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/pt60bc","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Turk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Trinidad, B., Surmachevska, N., and Lala, V. (2022, December 05). Takayasu Arteritis. [Updated 8 August 2022]. StatPearls Publishing, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459127\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic (2022, December 05). Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis. Available online: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/takayasus-arteritis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351335."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.05.034","article-title":"Epidemiology of Takayasu arteritis","volume":"46","author":"Onen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1804-136","article-title":"Takayasu arteritis: An update","volume":"48","author":"Keser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza, J.L., Ai, S., and Matsumura, I. (2018). New Insights on the Pathogenesis of Takayasu Arteritis: Revisiting the Microbial Theory. Pathogens, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7030073"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2288","article-title":"Adalimumab-induced remission of anterior scleritis: A very rare late manifestation of Takayasu arteritis","volume":"54","author":"Akhtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.110197","article-title":"Posterior scleritis: An ominous sign of occult Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"91","author":"Amer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2018.08.018","article-title":"Bilateral ocular ischemic syndrome as a manifestation of Takayasu arteritis in children","volume":"54","author":"Anguita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-004-0239-8","article-title":"Sclerokeratitis in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis: A case report","volume":"49","author":"Arya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196406042702305","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Pulseless (Takayasu\u2019s) Disease","volume":"270","author":"Austen","year":"1964","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2016.11.006","article-title":"Atypical Tolosa Hunt syndrome with bilateral sclerokeratitis and optic atrophy in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"5","author":"Babu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1711036","article-title":"Retinal Vasculitis in Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis","volume":"378","author":"Bajgai","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2009.11.008","article-title":"Occlusion de branche art\u00e9rielle r\u00e9tinienne comme manifestation oculaire isol\u00e9e d\u2019une maladie de Takayasu Branch retinal artery occlusion as the sole ocular manifestation of Takayasu arteritis","volume":"33","author":"Balaskas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04207-4","article-title":"Turning a blind eye","volume":"349","author":"Bapat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39711","article-title":"Peripheral Retinal Telangiectasia and Ischemia in Takayasu Arteritis","volume":"68","author":"Batliwala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s10016-004-0178-3","article-title":"Takayasu\u2019s arteritis presenting as uveitis in a 5-year-old girl","volume":"19","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71474-6","article-title":"Ocular complications of Takayasu\u2019s disease in a Hispanic woman","volume":"115","author":"Bodker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770430.x","article-title":"Epiretinal membrane in association with Takayasu disease","volume":"77","author":"Bouzas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"628","article-title":"Pulse-less disease; a preliminary case report","volume":"44","author":"Caccamise","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v9i2.19261","article-title":"Scleritis and Takayasu\u2019s disease\u2014Rare combined presentation","volume":"9","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nepal. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.629","article-title":"Takayasu\u2019s Disease: Report of a Case with Severe Neurological and Ocular Complications","volume":"17","author":"Chawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000202","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler Evaluation in Takayasu Arteritis with Oculo-Cerebrovascular Complications","volume":"24","author":"Christiansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0181-5512(04)96112-8","article-title":"Occlusion de branche veineuse r\u00e9tinienne r\u00e9v\u00e9latrice d\u2019une maladie de Takayasu Branch retinal vein occlusion reveals Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"27","author":"Conrath","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2817_21","article-title":"A rare disease with a rarer presentation: Nodular episcleritis in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"70","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20100106-13","article-title":"Takayasu\u2019s disease and secondary ocular ischemic syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Demir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492002000100021","article-title":"S\u00edndrome ocular isqu\u00eamica secund\u00e1ria \u00e0 arterite de Takayasu: Relato de caso Ocular ischemic syndrome secondary to Takayasu\u2019s arteritis: Case report","volume":"65","author":"Brito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1960.01840010238009","article-title":"An ocular study of pulseless disease","volume":"64","author":"Dowling","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-011-9500-6","article-title":"Takayasu\u2019s retinopathy","volume":"3","author":"Elizalde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.9.1090a","article-title":"Colour Doppler imaging in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"82","author":"Escano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1969.00990020776011","article-title":"Ocular histopathology in pulseless disease","volume":"82","author":"Font","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"bcr-2017-220970","article-title":"Bilateral ischaemic optic neuropathy and retinopathy along with cortical infarct in a case of Takayasu disease","volume":"2017","author":"Gaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.036525","article-title":"Acquired ocular motor apraxia from bilateral frontoparietal infarcts associated with Takayasu arteritis","volume":"75","author":"Ilhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100706","article-title":"A case of anti-VEGF therapy application in Takayasu arteries with retinopathy","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"6492513","article-title":"Central Retinal Artery Occlusion in Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis as the First Presentation of the Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Guclu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228909","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-228909","article-title":"Takayasu\u2019s arteritis: A unique ophthalmic presentation with CRAO and BRVO","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/030097498441227","article-title":"Aortitis syndrome (Takayasu\u2019s arteritis) with cataract and elevated serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"27","author":"Harada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203311","article-title":"Electroretinographic responses in patients with pulseless disease vary with head and body positions","volume":"229","author":"Hayasaka","year":"1991","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herath, H.M.M.T.B., Pahalagamage, S.P., Withana, D., and Senanayake, S. (2017). Complete ophthalmoplegia, complete ptosis and dilated pupil due to internal carotid artery dissection: As the first manifestation of Takayasu arteritis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0638-7"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0538","article-title":"Lessons of the month 2: Retinal vasculitis: A first presentation of Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"21","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.47.5.304","article-title":"Pulsless Disease","volume":"47","author":"Jain","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.7.799c","article-title":"Scleritis as a presenting feature of Takayasu\u2019s disease","volume":"84","author":"Jain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_53_21","article-title":"Visual outcome after endovascular intervention in Takayasu arteritis","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.33838","article-title":"Unilateral hemorrhagic keratouveitis as the initial presentation of Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"55","author":"Kaliaperumal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2022.14.26","article-title":"Takayasu Arteritis: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Kancherla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Young Pharm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1672199","article-title":"Abnormal Retinal Vasculature in a Young Child: A Diagnostic Dilemma","volume":"29","author":"Kannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210101100120","article-title":"Bilateral glaucomatous optic neuropathy in Takayasu\u2019s disease without cervical arterial stenosis","volume":"11","author":"Kapran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770219.x","article-title":"Retinal findings in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"77","author":"Karam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199515040-00014","article-title":"Neovascular glaucoma in Takayasu\u2019s disease: A case report","volume":"15","author":"Karwatowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.16680","article-title":"Retinal arterial occlusion in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"53","author":"Kaushik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.10.938","article-title":"Acute panuveitis and Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"88","author":"Kausman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"80","article-title":"Takayasu Arteritis with Atrial Septal Defect Presenting as Sterile Corneal Melt","volume":"67","author":"Kavitha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1076\/noph.22.2.107.3731","article-title":"Unilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy caused by Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000310656","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with pulseless disease","volume":"209","author":"Kimura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200502000-00023","article-title":"Sequential change of ophthalmic findings after bypass graft surgery in Takayasu disease","volume":"25","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0194-4","article-title":"Bilateral ocular ischemic syndrome as an initial manifestation of Takayasu\u2019s arteritis associated with carotid steal syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Koz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"79","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations of pulseless disease: A case report","volume":"43","author":"Kumar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02087-1","article-title":"Severe proliferative retinopathy progressing to blindness in a japanese woman with takayasu disease","volume":"135","author":"Kuwahara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5758\/vsi.200031","article-title":"Takayasu Arteritis Presenting as Bilateral Ocular Ischemic Syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Larrazabal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Spec. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2017.58.5.600","article-title":"A Case Report of Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis with Traction Retinal Detachment","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000091","article-title":"Headache and whiteout vision as the presenting symptoms in a case of Takayasu retinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.67.6.389","article-title":"Ischaemic optic neuropathy in pulseless disease","volume":"67","author":"Leonard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"242","article-title":"Pulseless (Takayasu) disease with ophthalmic manifestations","volume":"13","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2016.57.8.1312","article-title":"A Case of Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis","volume":"57","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672121990577","article-title":"Pulseless and blindness\u2014An ophthalmologist\u2019s role in diagnosing Takayasu arteritis: Case series and brief review of literature","volume":"31","author":"Mahajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1263341","article-title":"Adaptive Optics Imaging in Retinal Vasculitis","volume":"26","author":"Mahendradas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"bcr2016215018","article-title":"Atypical eye complication in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"2016","author":"Mashru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.07.005","article-title":"Tonic pupil, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a teenager with Takayasu arteritis","volume":"48","author":"Matalia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000073","article-title":"Thickened retinal ganglion cell complex in patient with severe Takayasu retinopathy at early stage","volume":"9","author":"Hirota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2004.00828.x","article-title":"Anterior uveitis in a child with Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"32","author":"McDonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1999.229","article-title":"Neovascular glaucoma after bypass surgery in Takayasu\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Milea","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(98)00173-9","article-title":"Subclavian steal syndrome secondary to Takayasu arteritis","volume":"66","author":"Moncada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.64236","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a case of Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"3","author":"Nithyanandam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oman J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.05.010","article-title":"Small vessel involvement in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"12","author":"Noel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(57)90810-3","article-title":"Pulseless disease (Takayasu\u2019s disease)","volume":"43","author":"Ostler","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_455_19","article-title":"Novel ultrawide field fundus fluorescein angiographic findings in a patient of Takayasu arteritis on immunosuppression","volume":"68","author":"Padhy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Pulseless disease, or Takayasu\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Pahwa","year":"1959","journal-title":"Case Rep. Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1330-3","article-title":"Bilateral ocular ischemia-induced blindness as a presenting manifestation of Takayasu arteritis: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Pallangyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/003693305700200202","article-title":"Ocular changes in the pulseless disease (Takayasu\u2019s disease: The aortic arch syndrome)","volume":"2","author":"Paterson","year":"1957","journal-title":"Scott. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"36","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of pulseless disease","volume":"23","author":"Paul","year":"1975","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2011.06.004","article-title":"Blind runner","volume":"57","author":"Mesquida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e31828eef72","article-title":"Regression of takayasu retinopathy after revascularization of occluded branches of the aortic arch by percutaneous angioplasty","volume":"7","author":"Peter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S12331","article-title":"Hypoperfusive and hypertensive ocular manifestations in Takayasu arteritis","volume":"4","author":"Peter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"64","article-title":"New-Onset Uncontrolled Hypertension and Renal Failure in a Young Woman","volume":"2","author":"Rainer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"e16640","article-title":"Stage 4 Takayasu Retinopathy with Persistent Neovascularization","volume":"13","author":"Muda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251366","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-251366","article-title":"Blinding vasculitis: Bilateral severe vision loss as a presenting feature of undiagnosed Takayasu arteritis","volume":"15","author":"Rajshri","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"bcr1020103414","article-title":"Sudden mono-ocular blindness with recurrent transient diplopia and ptosis in a middle-aged woman","volume":"2011","author":"Ramteke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236351","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236351","article-title":"Multimodal imaging in bilateral ocular ischaemic syndrome with anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in a case of Takayasu arteritis","volume":"13","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3109\/01658107.2013.792360","article-title":"Hypertensive Retinopathy in Takayasu Arteritis","volume":"37","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.690491","article-title":"Blindness in a pulseless young woman: Lessons learned","volume":"20","author":"Sakthiswary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injr.2015.03.013","article-title":"Bilateral visual loss as presenting manifestation\u2014Takayasu arteritis","volume":"10","author":"Santhanam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.21037\/jxym.2019.02.04","article-title":"Young lady presented with sudden loss of vision","volume":"4","author":"Setty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Xiangya Med."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"bcr2013009461","article-title":"Eye is a window to the pulse: Bilateral ocular ischaemic syndrome as a presenting manifestation of Takayasu arteritis","volume":"2013","author":"Shailaja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"e26520","article-title":"Takayasu Arteritis Presenting As Epileptic Seizure: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Shrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.182945","article-title":"Nodular scleritis as a presenting feature of Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"64","author":"Shukla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"778","article-title":"Case reports and small case series: Scleritis occurring in association with Takayasu disease","volume":"119","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00124743-199812000-00006","article-title":"Takayansu\u2019s Arteritis Associated with Anterior Uveitis and Cutaneous Extravascular Necrotizing Granuloma","volume":"4","author":"Stone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e31826722e1","article-title":"Takayasu retinopathy presenting as amaurosis fugax in a young patient","volume":"7","author":"Strauss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.03.001","article-title":"Painless bilateral visual loss in a 33-year-old woman with severe arterial hypotension","volume":"63","author":"Puyalto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2015.1134393","article-title":"Successful golimumab therapy in four patients with refractory Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"28","author":"Suematsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2020.61.11.1380","article-title":"Bilateral Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in a Patient with Takayasu Arteritis","volume":"61","author":"Suh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rkaa065","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkaa065","article-title":"Recurrent scleritis as a presenting manifestation of asymptomatic occult Takayasu arteritis","volume":"5","author":"Sureja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Adv. Pract."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"134","article-title":"Abnormality of retinal arterial velocity profiles using Doppler Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography in a case of Takayasu\u2019s arteritis with aortic regurgitation","volume":"30","author":"Tani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3432-4","article-title":"Bilateral orbital pseudotumor in a patient with Takayasu arteritis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Taylan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0516-4","article-title":"Takayasu arteritis presenting as isolated anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"38","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/021849230000800320","article-title":"Cerebral Circulation via Right Vertebral Artery in Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis","volume":"8","author":"Yaliniz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"39","article-title":"Case of Takayasu Arteritis with Thrombotic Microangiopathy Secondary to Malignant Hypertension Due to Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis","volume":"14","author":"Torun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.8.538","article-title":"Successfully operated obliterative brachiocephalic arteritis (Takayasu) associated with the elongated coarctation","volume":"8","author":"Ueno","year":"1967","journal-title":"Jpn. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2015.04.007","article-title":"Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis Presenting as Monocular Visual Loss","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj-cm.2020.3.117.23856","article-title":"Unusual ocular manifestation revealing Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis","volume":"3","author":"Zahaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"PAMJ-Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5854","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.791278","article-title":"Therapeutic Management of Ocular Ischemia in Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis: A Case-Based Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.1.103","article-title":"The story of Takayasu arteritis","volume":"41","author":"Numano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1573-8_78","article-title":"Retinal vascular changes in Takayasu\u2019s disease (Pulseless disease), occurrence and evolution of the lesion","volume":"9","author":"Uyama","year":"1976","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol. Proc. Ser."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330811","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis","volume":"33","author":"Arend","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/kr357t","article-title":"Is Takayasu\u2019s arteritis more severe in children?","volume":"39","author":"Bolek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-4030-4","article-title":"Takayasu arteritis in childhood: Misdiagnoses at disease onset and associated diseases","volume":"38","author":"Clemente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215672","article-title":"2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis","volume":"79","author":"Hellmich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:44:28Z","timestamp":1760125468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12113745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12113745","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]}}}