{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:47:19Z","timestamp":1790113639913,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GIRCI M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e in the context of the \u201cAAP GIRCI ValoData 2022\u2014recherche param\u00e9dicale\u201d, project acronym \u201cModelCo\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hearing loss is a major public health problem with significant evidence correlating it with cognitive performance. Verbal fluency tests are commonly used to assess lexical access. They provide a great deal of information about a subject\u2019s cognitive function. The aim of our study was to evaluate phonemic and semantic lexical access abilities in adults with bilateral severe to profound hearing loss and then to re-evaluate a cohort after cochlear implantation. 103 adult subjects underwent phonemic and semantic fluency tests during a cochlear implant candidacy evaluation. Of the total 103 subjects, 43 subjects underwent the same tests at 3 months post-implantation. Our results showed superior performance in phonemic fluency compared to semantic fluency in subjects prior to implantation. Phonemic fluency was positively correlated with semantic fluency. Similarly, individuals with congenital deafness had better semantic lexical access than individuals with acquired deafness. Results at 3 months post-implantation showed an improvement in phonemic fluency. No correlation was found between the evolution of pre- and post-implant fluency and the auditory gain of the cochlear implant, and we found no significant difference between congenital and acquired deafness. Our study shows an improvement in global cognitive function after cochlear implantation without differentiation of the phonemic-semantic pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T02:12:45Z","timestamp":1685585565000},"page":"3792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of the Cognitive Function of Adults with Severe Hearing Loss Pre- and Post-Cochlear Implantation Using Verbal Fluency Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Manon","family":"Baranger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06107 Nice, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire CobTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Manera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06107 Nice, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire CobTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1009-8692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"S\u00e9rignac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Derreumaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CobTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (University Hospital of Nice), Service Clinique G\u00e9riatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre M\u00e9moire Ressources et Recherche (Geriatric Brain and Movement Clinic, Memory Resources and Research Centre), 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Cancian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5597-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clair","family":"Vandersteen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Auriane","family":"Gros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06107 Nice, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire CobTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (University Hospital of Nice), Service Clinique G\u00e9riatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre M\u00e9moire Ressources et Recherche (Geriatric Brain and Movement Clinic, Memory Resources and Research Centre), 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2217633","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.17633","article-title":"Prevalence of Hearing Loss and Hearing Aid Use Among Adults in France in the CONSTANCES Study","volume":"5","author":"Lisan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.2513","article-title":"Association of age-related hearing loss with cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Loughrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e263d","article-title":"Auditory threshold, phonologic demand, and incident dementia","volume":"79","author":"Gallacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.362","article-title":"Hearing Loss and Incident Dementia","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.1868","article-title":"Hearing Loss and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults","volume":"173","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15445","article-title":"Long-Term Cognitive Prognosis of Profoundly Deaf Older Adults After Hearing Rehabilitation Using Cochlear Implants","volume":"66","author":"Mosnier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.04.013","article-title":"Effects of hearing aids on cognitive functions and depressive signs in elderly people","volume":"52","author":"Acar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13649","article-title":"Self-Reported Hearing Loss, Hearing Aids, and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Adults: A 25-Year Study","volume":"63","author":"Amieva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16109","article-title":"Can Hearing Aids Delay Time to Diagnosis of Dementia, Depression, or Falls in Older Adults?","volume":"67","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2015.07.009","article-title":"On the Horizon: Cochlear Implant Technology","volume":"48","author":"Roche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000962","article-title":"Cognitive Improvement After Cochlear Implantation in Older Adults With Severe or Profound Hearing Impairment: A Prospective, Longitudinal, Controlled, Multicenter Study","volume":"42","author":"Mertens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000510855","article-title":"Impact of Cochlear Implantation on Neurocognitive Subdomains in Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients","volume":"26","author":"Haubitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e322","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002544","article-title":"Cognitive Functions in Adults Receiving Cochlear Implants: Predictors of Speech Recognition and Changes After Implantation","volume":"41","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.02.001","article-title":"Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer\u2019s type: A meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Henry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.988125","article-title":"The cognitive abilities associated with verbal fluency task performance differ across fluency variants and age groups in healthy young and old adults","volume":"37","author":"Stolwyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1520-8","article-title":"Standardization and normative data obtained in the Italian population for a new verbal fluency instrument, the phonemic\/semantic alternate fluency test","volume":"35","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.036","article-title":"Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: A self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency","volume":"49","author":"Birn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20221","article-title":"A systematic review and quantitative appraisal of fMRI studies of verbal fluency: Role of the left inferior frontal gyrus","volume":"27","author":"Costafreda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aforl.2011.09.001","article-title":"Comprendre le cerveau sourd, implications dans la r\u00e9habilitation par implant cochl\u00e9aire","volume":"129","author":"Lazard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Fran\u00e7aises D\u2019oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Pathol. Cervico-Faciale"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.013","article-title":"Phonological processing in post-lingual deafness and cochlear implant outcome","volume":"49","author":"Lazard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.7.1391","article-title":"Differential recruitment of the speech processing system in healthy subjects and rehabilitated cochlear implant patients","volume":"123","author":"Giraud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"207","article-title":"Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level","volume":"90","author":"Cardebat","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1782\/20142014050","article-title":"Phonological and semantic verbal fluency: A comparative study in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing people","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Codas"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2010.518703","article-title":"Which verbal fluency measure is most useful in demonstrating executive deficits after traumatic brain injury?","volume":"33","author":"Heled","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00744","article-title":"Gray Matter Atrophy Is Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Presbycusis: A Comprehensive Morphometric Study","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103149","article-title":"Segregated circuits for phonemic and semantic fluency: A novel patient-tailored disconnection study","volume":"36","author":"Zigiotto","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S100255","article-title":"Neurocognitive testing and cochlear implantation: Insights into performance in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Cosetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29933","article-title":"Evaluating the Impact of Cochlear Implantation on Cognitive Function in Older Adults","volume":"132","author":"Gurgel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2015.129","article-title":"Improvement of Cognitive Function After Cochlear Implantation in Elderly Patients","volume":"141","author":"Mosnier","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1739367","article-title":"The Impact of Cochlear Implantation: Cognitive Function, Quality of Life, and Frailty in Older Adults","volume":"42","author":"Babajanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00318-X","article-title":"Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation","volume":"30","author":"Giraud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3792\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:46:27Z","timestamp":1760125587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12113792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12113792","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]}}}