{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:35Z","timestamp":1787028635897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GENDER-Net Co-Plus Fund","award":["GNP-182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNP-182"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tinnitus severity is generally assessed by psychometric and audiological instruments. However, no objective measure exists to evaluate the subjective discomfort and suffering caused by this hearing phenomenon. The objective of this work was to determine the possible blood parameters for diagnostics and therapy. Methods: We measured tinnitus distress by using the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ) and collected tinnitus-related audiological measures, namely the hearing threshold (HT), tinnitus loudness (TL), and sensation level (SL, i.e., the tinnitus loudness\/hearing threshold at a tinnitus frequency). Blood samples were taken from 200 outpatients of the Tinnitus Centre of the Charit\u00e9, and 46 routine blood count parameters were examined. The possible interactions were determined by (robust) linear models. Results: Tinnitus distress and audiological measurements were largely uncorrelated but could partly be predicted by selected blood parameters. First, the erythrocyte counts predicted tinnitus distress to a small extent. Second, the levels of vitamin D3 explained about 6% of tinnitus loudness and, age-dependently, the hearing threshold variability. Last, the levels of uric acid explained about 5% of the sensation level variability. Conclusions: Tinnitus is a multidimensional phenomenon. The marginal influences of blood markers suggest the possible roles of inflammation and oxidative stress produced by psychological or somatic burdens. Clinically, a vitamin D substitution (in older patients) might have a hearing-protective effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:16:48Z","timestamp":1685672208000},"page":"3814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Limited Link of Common Blood Parameters with Tinnitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3308-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Bulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7142-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Brueggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Wrzosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 60-568 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Klasing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-3332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Boecking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8541-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amarjargal","family":"Nyamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stamatina","family":"Psatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9587-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100250","article-title":"Tinnitus prevalence in Europe: A multi-country cross-sectional population study","volume":"12","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trochidis, I., Lugo, A., Borroni, E., Cederroth, C.R., Cima, R., Kikidis, D., Langguth, B., Schlee, W., and Gallus, S. (2021). Systematic Review on Healthcare and Societal Costs of Tinnitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136881"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"341","article-title":"Impact of Multiple Factors on the Degree of Tinnitus Distress","volume":"10","author":"Szczepek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"50","article-title":"Tinnitus and Influencing Comorbidities","volume":"102","author":"Mazurek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13592","article-title":"Identifying non-otologic risk factors for tinnitus: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Deklerck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00053","article-title":"Editorial: Towards an Understanding of Tinnitus Heterogeneity","volume":"11","author":"Cederroth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.002","article-title":"Chapter 1\u2014Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal)","volume":"Volume 260","author":"Schlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1399-9","article-title":"Systematic review of outcome domains and instruments used in clinical trials of tinnitus treatments in adults","volume":"17","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boecking, B., Klasing, S., Walter, M., Brueggemann, P., Nyamaa, A., Rose, M., and Mazurek, B. (2022). Vascular-Metabolic Risk Factors and Psychological Stress in Patients with Chronic Tinnitus. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112256"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"166","article-title":"The tinnitus questionnaire. A standard instrument for grading the degree of tinnitus. Results of a multicenter study with the tinnitus questionnaire","volume":"42","author":"Goebel","year":"1994","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D.-W., Kim, S.-S., Park, D.-C., Kim, S.-H., and Yeo, S.-G. (2021). Objective and Measurable Biomarkers in Chronic Subjective Tinnitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126619"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_381_19","article-title":"Does inflammation play a role in the pathophysiology of tinnitus?","volume":"24","author":"Demir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"102","article-title":"Increased platelet activity in tinnitus patients","volume":"41","author":"Chrbolka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.10.007","article-title":"Biological correlates of tinnitus-related distress: An exploratory study","volume":"318","author":"Szczepek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2019.1698775","article-title":"Tinnitus, hearing loss and inflammatory processes in an older Portuguese population","volume":"59","author":"Haider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711600204","article-title":"Psychological, neural, endocrine, and immune study of stress in tinnitus patients: Any correlation between psychometric and biochemical measures?","volume":"116","author":"Savastano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05585-4","article-title":"The relationship of high-frequency distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) values with hematological parameters in tinnitus patients","volume":"276","author":"Gunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002693","article-title":"Can Platelet Indices Be New Biomarkers for Subjective Tinnitus","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439575","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1439575","article-title":"Assessment of the State of the Natural Antioxidant Barrier of a Body in Patients Complaining about the Presence of Tinnitus","volume":"2018","author":"Marzec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-018-1464-7","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of Oxidative Stress in Tinnitus Patients","volume":"70","author":"Celik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2016.20.1.17","article-title":"Paraoxonase Activity and Oxidative Status in Patients with Tinnitus","volume":"20","author":"Somuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Audiol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"31","article-title":"Increased Serum Lipid Levels in Patients with Subjective Tinnitus","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"769","article-title":"Can apelin play a role in the etiology of tinnitus?","volume":"49","author":"Ensari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuner, B., Lenfers, A., Kelsch, R., J\u00e4ger, K., Br\u00fcggmann, N., Van Der Harst, P., and Walter, M. (2015). Telomere Length Is Not Related to Established Cardiovascular Risk Factors but Does Correlate with Red and White Blood Cell Counts in a German Blood Donor Population. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139308"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2021.01.022","article-title":"Evidence for biological markers of tinnitus: A systematic review","volume":"262","author":"Haider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76942-1","article-title":"Tinnitus impairs segregation of competing speech in normal-hearing listeners","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.10.001","article-title":"The consequences of tinnitus and tinnitus severity on cognition: A review of the behavioural evidence","volume":"332","author":"Mohamad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000151491.80178.78","article-title":"The Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) reconsidered: Validation and reference values from different clinical and healthy adult samples","volume":"67","author":"Fliege","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e692","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000692","article-title":"Inflammatory and stress markers predicting pneumonia, outcome, and etiology in patients with stroke","volume":"7","author":"Hotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764368","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.764368","article-title":"Psychological Treatment Effects Unrelated to Hair-Cortisol and Hair-BDNF Levels in Chronic Tinnitus","volume":"13","author":"Basso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boecking, B., Rausch, L., Psatha, S., Nyamaa, A., Dettling-Papargyris, J., Funk, C., Brueggemann, P., Rose, M., and Mazurek, B. (2022). Hearing Therapy Improves Tinnitus-Related Distress in Mildly Distressed Patients with Chronic Tinnitus and Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss: A Randomized-Controlled Cross-Over Design. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175244"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Maechler, M., Rousseeuw, P., Croux, C., Todorov, V., Ruckstuhl, A., Salibian-Barrera, M., Verbeke, T., Koller, M., Conceicao, E.L., and di Palma, M.A. (2022). Robustbase: Basic Robust Statistics, RDocumentation. Version 0.95-1."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-016-0679-x","article-title":"Nonsingular subsampling for regression S estimators with categorical predictors","volume":"32","author":"Koller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Stat."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davison, A.C., and Hinkley, D.V. (1997). Bootstrap Methods and Their Application, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511802843"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Canty, A., and Ripley, B. (2023, May 01). boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/boot\/citation.html."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2021.1876919","article-title":"Association between hearing status and tinnitus distress","volume":"141","author":"Waechter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4401-y","article-title":"A multidisciplinary systematic review of the treatment for chronic idiopathic tinnitus","volume":"274","author":"Zenner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2015.1059503","article-title":"Hearing-aid use and long-term health outcomes: Hearing handicap, mental health, social engagement, cognitive function, physical health, and mortality","volume":"54","author":"Dawes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2021.01.028","article-title":"Chapter 13\u2014On the relationship between tinnitus distress, cognitive performance and aging","volume":"Volume 262","author":"Langguth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81728-0","article-title":"The impact of tinnitus distress on cognition","volume":"11","author":"Neff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e276","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001070","article-title":"\u201cMeasurement\u201d of Tinnitus","volume":"37","author":"Henry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-014-2973-7","article-title":"Stress and tinnitus","volume":"63","author":"Mazurek","year":"2015","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8895323","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8895323","article-title":"Association between Vitamin D Supplements, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, and Hyperbaric Therapy in Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss","volume":"2021","author":"Paprocki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2015.11.001","article-title":"Relation of otosclerosis and osteoporosis: A bone mineral density study","volume":"43","author":"Atan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamauchi, D., Nakaya, K., Raveendran, N.N., Harbidge, D.G., Singh, R., Wangemann, P., and Marcus, D.C. (2010). Expression of epithelial calcium transport system in rat cochlea and vestibular labyrinth. BMC Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-10-1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130808701106","article-title":"An Approach to Tinnitus Management","volume":"87","author":"Brookler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000765","article-title":"Relationship Between Diet, Tinnitus, and Hearing Difficulties","volume":"41","author":"Dawes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S.Y., Kim, S.H., and Yeo, S.G. (2019). Association of Nutritional Factors with Hearing Loss. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020307"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00550","article-title":"Vitamin D Toxicity\u2013A Clinical Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin D Level and its Relation to Tinnitus","volume":"22","author":"Abdelmawgoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Ear Nose Throat Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2008.03.004","article-title":"Genetic and pharmacological intervention for treatment\/prevention of hearing loss","volume":"41","author":"Cotanche","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.90317","article-title":"Increased vitamin plasma levels in Swedish military personnel treated with nutrients prior to automatic weapon training","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowaczewska, M., Osi\u0144ski, S., Marzec, M., Wici\u0144ski, M., Bilicka, K., and Ka\u017amierczak, W. (2021). The role of vitamin D in subjective tinnitus-A case-control study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255482"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"54","article-title":"Metabolic disorders in vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss","volume":"7","author":"Doroszewska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2008.12.002","article-title":"Cochlear dysfunction in hyperuricemia: Otoacoustic emission analysis","volume":"31","author":"Hamed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1846","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001846","article-title":"Factors Associated with Age-related Hearing Impairment: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"94","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26514","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: A case-control study","volume":"127","author":"Fasano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-2930(09)50009-8","article-title":"Relationship between Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Vascular Risk Factors","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Otol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2016.00346","article-title":"Serum Uric Acid Relation for Hearing Threshold Shift","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(98)90278-X","article-title":"Can idiopathic tinnitus be caused by hyperuricemia?","volume":"50","author":"Newman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04811-0","article-title":"Hair-cortisol and hair-BDNF as biomarkers of tinnitus loudness and distress in chronic tinnitus","volume":"12","author":"Basso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480090092034","article-title":"The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis","volume":"267","author":"Chrousos","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"e95472","article-title":"Can the Determination of Salivary Cotinine Level Be a New Method in Diagnosis and Follow-up of Childhood Tinnitus?","volume":"22","author":"Resuli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2017.01641","article-title":"Urine Cotinine Should Be Involved in Initial Evaluation of Tinnitus in Adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31828149f2","article-title":"Gender and Chronic Tinnitus: Differences in Tinnitus-Related Distress Depend on Age and Duration of Tinnitus","volume":"34","author":"Seydel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00110","article-title":"Genetics of Tinnitus: Time to Biobank Phantom Sounds","volume":"8","author":"Cederroth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844267","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.844267","article-title":"Editorial: Sex and Gender Differences in Tinnitus","volume":"16","author":"Cederroth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.10.001","article-title":"Chapter 3\u2014Subjective hearing ability, physical and mental comorbidities in individuals with bothersome tinnitus in a Swedish population sample","volume":"Volume 260","author":"Schlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boecking, B., Rose, M., Brueggemann, P., and Mazurek, B. (2021). Two birds with one stone.\u2013Addressing depressive symptoms, emotional tension and worry improves tinnitus-related distress and affective pain perceptions in patients with chronic tinnitus. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246747"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brueggemann, P., Mebus, W., Boecking, B., Amarjargal, N., Niemann, U., Spiliopoulou, M., Dobel, C., Rose, M., and Mazurek, B. (2022). Dimensions of Tinnitus-Related Distress. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020275"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73402-8","article-title":"Phenotyping chronic tinnitus patients using self-report questionnaire data: Cluster analysis and visual comparison","volume":"10","author":"Niemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:47:18Z","timestamp":1760125638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12113814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12113814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}