{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:12:33Z","timestamp":1760148753135,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["19K19286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K19286"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates rhythmic jaw movement (RJM) patterns and masticatory muscle activities during electrical stimulation in two cortical masticatory areas in obese male Zucker rats (OZRs), compared to their counterparts\u2014lean male Zucker rats (LZRs) (seven each). At the age of 10 weeks, electromyographic (EMG) activity of the right anterior digastric muscle (RAD) and masseter muscles, and RJMs were recorded during repetitive intracortical micro-stimulation in the left anterior and posterior parts of the cortical masticatory area (A-area and P-area, respectively). Only P-area-elicited RJMs, which showed a more lateral shift and slower jaw-opening pattern than A-area-elicited RJMs, were affected by obesity. During P-area stimulation, the jaw-opening duration was significantly shorter (p &lt; 0.01) in OZRs (24.3 ms) than LZRs (27.9 ms), the jaw-opening speed was significantly faster (p &lt; 0.05) in OZRs (67.5 mm\/s) than LZRs (50.8 mm\/s), and the RAD EMG duration was significantly shorter (p &lt; 0.01) in OZRs (5.2 ms) than LZR (6.9 ms). The two groups had no significant difference in the EMG peak-to-peak amplitude and EMG frequency parameters. This study shows that obesity affects the coordinated movement of masticatory components during cortical stimulation. While other factors may be involved, functional change in digastric muscle is partly involved in the mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T02:08:15Z","timestamp":1686017295000},"page":"3856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Obesity on Masticatory Muscle Activity and Rhythmic Jaw Movements Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of Different Cortical Masticatory Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ruixin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiho","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiyo","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Ishidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Misawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidemasa","family":"Okihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kokai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390, 2627\u20132642."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.1.22","article-title":"Appetite and adiposity in children: Evidence for a behavioral susceptibility theory of obesity","volume":"88","author":"Carnell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.07.006","article-title":"Behavioral susceptibility to obesity: Gene-environment interplay in the development of weight","volume":"152","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801560","article-title":"Study of differences in peripheral muscle strength of lean versus obese women: An allometric approach","volume":"25","author":"Hulens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802955","article-title":"Gender variations of body composition, muscle strength and power output in morbid obesity","volume":"29","author":"Lafortuna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0471-2","article-title":"Differences in quadriceps muscle strength and fatigue between lean and obese subjects","volume":"101","author":"Maffiuletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9652","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9652-1","article-title":"Combined effects of body composition and ageing on joint torque, muscle activation and co-contraction in sedentary women","volume":"36","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0882-1","article-title":"Regulation of myoplasmic Ca2+ in genetically obese (ob\/ob) mouse single skeletal muscle fibres","volume":"444","author":"Bruton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb163840","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.163840","article-title":"The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle contractile function","volume":"221","author":"Tallis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pajoutan, M., Ghesmaty Sangachin, M., and Cavuoto, L.A. (2017). Central and peripheral fatigue development in the shoulder muscle with obesity during an isometric endurance task. BMC Musculoskelet Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1676-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.07.004","article-title":"Changes in the lingual muscles of obese rats induced by high-fat diet feeding","volume":"55","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3768","article-title":"Tongue fat infiltration in obese versus lean Zucker rats","volume":"37","author":"Brennick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.7.957","article-title":"In-situ mechanical characteristics of the tongue are not altered in the obese Zucker rat","volume":"32","author":"Ray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200809-1435OC","article-title":"Altered upper airway and soft tissue structures in the New Zealand Obese mouse","volume":"179","author":"Brennick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"00019","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity: Implications for public health","volume":"1","author":"Jehan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.16.117","article-title":"Eating fast leads to obesity: Findings based on self-administered questionnaires among middle-aged Japanese men and women","volume":"16","author":"Otsuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.081745","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of eating rate on energy intake and hunger","volume":"100","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000848","article-title":"Faster eating rates are associated with higher energy intakes during an ad libitum meal, higher BMI and greater adiposity among 4.5-year-old children: Results from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort","volume":"117","author":"Fogel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2002","article-title":"The joint impact on being overweight of self-reported behaviours of eating quickly and eating until full: Cross sectional survey","volume":"337","author":"Maruyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okubo, H., Murakami, K., Masayasu, S., and Sasaki, S. (2018). The relationship of eating rate and degree of chewing to body weight status among preschool children in Japan: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010064"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.96","article-title":"Association between eating rate and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Ohkuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.21283","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin effects on masseter muscle fibre in WNIN obese rats-Scanning electron microscope analysis","volume":"38","author":"Nemani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.06.014","article-title":"Brainstem circuits that control mastication: Do they have anything to say during speech?","volume":"39","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.01.011","article-title":"Generation of the masticatory central pattern and its modulation by sensory feedback","volume":"96","author":"Morquette","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-006-9027-6","article-title":"Generation of the central masticatory pattern and its modification by sensory feedback","volume":"21","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.02.017","article-title":"Coordination of cranial motoneurons during mastication","volume":"147","author":"Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.06.008","article-title":"Changes in cortically induced rhythmic jaw movements after lesioning of the red nucleus in rats","volume":"1165","author":"Satoh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.04.005","article-title":"Face sensorimotor cortex and its neuroplasticity related to orofacial sensorimotor functions","volume":"56","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510373767","article-title":"Cortical orofacial motor representation: Effect of diet consistency","volume":"89","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.11.024","article-title":"Differential involvement of two cortical masticatory areas in submandibular salivary secretion in rats","volume":"1543","author":"Maeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.2.569","article-title":"Coordination of cortically induced rhythmic jaw and tongue movements in the rabbit","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000489824","article-title":"Appetite-related eating behaviours: An overview of assessment methods, determinants and effects on children\u2019s weight","volume":"73","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602838","article-title":"Effects of appetite, BMI, food form and flavor on mastication: Almonds as a test food","volume":"62","author":"Frecka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00034","article-title":"Functional analysis of rhythmic jaw movements evoked by electrical stimulation of the cortical masticatory area during low occlusal loading in growing rats","volume":"11","author":"Aung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86581-9","article-title":"Effects of low occlusal loading on the neuromuscular behavioral development of cortically-elicited jaw movements in growing rats","volume":"11","author":"Aung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7827(89)90007-6","article-title":"The obese Zucker rat: A choice for fat metabolism 1968\u20131988: Twenty years of research on the insights of the Zucker mutation","volume":"28","author":"Argiles","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Watson, C. (2007). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Elsevier Inc.. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2001.00738.x","article-title":"Activity of jaw-opening and jaw-closing muscles and their influence on dentofacial morphological features in normal adults","volume":"28","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2002.00862.x","article-title":"The effects of bolus hardness on masticatory kinematics","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"148","article-title":"The Zucker-fatty rat: A review","volume":"36","author":"Bray","year":"1977","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0181","article-title":"Improved insulin sensitivity by calorie restriction is associated with reduction of ERK and p70(S6K) activities in the liver of obese Zucker rats","volume":"203","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(02)00543-6","article-title":"Functional maturation of periodontal mechanoreceptors during development in rats","volume":"139","author":"Nasution","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.12.012","article-title":"Three-dimensional growth pattern of the rat mandible revealed by periodic live micro-computed tomography","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)00359-D","article-title":"Absolute and relative growth of rat skeletal muscle","volume":"57","author":"Tamaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.05.005","article-title":"Coordination of jaw and extrinsic tongue muscle activity during rhythmic jaw movements in anesthetized rabbits","volume":"1016","author":"Ariyasinghe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91189-8","article-title":"Genioglossus EMG activity during rhythmic jaw movements in the anesthetized guinea pig","volume":"562","author":"Gerstner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1349-0079(07)80022-3","article-title":"Influences of tongue protrusion on rhythmical jaw movement in rats","volume":"49","author":"Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.09.005","article-title":"Differential involvement of two cortical masticatory areas in modulation of the swallowing reflex in rats","volume":"528","author":"Tsujimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.4.327","article-title":"Correlation between facial morphology, mouth opening ability, and condylar movement during opening-closing jaw movements in female adults with normal occlusion","volume":"24","author":"Fukui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00732-0","article-title":"Alteration of the condylar oral bone in obese and gastric bypass mice","volume":"107","author":"Colsoul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12453","article-title":"Obesity as a risk factor for temporomandibular disorders","volume":"44","author":"Jordani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200505-705OC","article-title":"Phasic respiratory pharyngeal mechanics by magnetic resonance imaging in lean and obese Zucker rats","volume":"173","author":"Brennick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.2004230","article-title":"Serotonergic modulation of ventilation and upper airway stability in obese Zucker rats","volume":"163","author":"Nakano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180264","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-3713\/e20180264","article-title":"State-dependent changes in the upper airway assessed by multidetector CT in healthy individuals and during obstructive events in patients with sleep apnea","volume":"45","author":"Passos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01130.2016","article-title":"Unilateral nasal obstruction affects motor representation development within the face primary motor cortex in growing rats","volume":"122","author":"Abe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"669","article-title":"Unilateral nasal obstruction during later growth periods affects craniofacial muscles in rats","volume":"7","author":"Hiranuma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20345","article-title":"Effect of body mass index on ulnar nerve conduction velocity, ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, and carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Landau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, M.F., Arafa, M.M., Amin, I.R., and Ahmad, M.S. (2021). Peripheral nerve dysfunction and its correlation to interleukin-6 level in obese patients. QJM Int. J. Med., 114.","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab116.006"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"310","article-title":"Ulnar nerve motor conduction velocity correlates with body mass index in Indian young healthy subjects","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20420","article-title":"Cold elbow syndrome: Spurious slowing of ulnar nerve conduction velocity","volume":"32","author":"Landau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.4.816","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the excitability properties of human motor axons","volume":"124","author":"Kiernan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"88","article-title":"Effect of body mass index on parameters of nerve conduction study in Indian population","volume":"56","author":"Pawar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.621","article-title":"Relationship between muscle fiber conduction velocity and the force-time curve during muscle twitches","volume":"26","author":"Murakami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00894.2004","article-title":"Influence of amplitude cancellation on the simulated surface electromyogram","volume":"98","author":"Keenan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201106-1058OC","article-title":"Neurogenic changes in the upper airway of patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"185","author":"Saboisky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/86.313147","article-title":"EMG as an indicator of fatigue in isometrically FES-activated paralyzed muscles","volume":"2","author":"Mizrahi","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.05.003","article-title":"Potential contributions of skeletal muscle contractile dysfunction to altered biomechanics in obesity","volume":"56","author":"Bollinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI65726","article-title":"Muscle lipogenesis balances insulin sensitivity and strength through calcium signaling","volume":"123","author":"Funai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.2.853","article-title":"Regulation of contraction in striated muscle","volume":"80","author":"Gordon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1215","article-title":"Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: Its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease","volume":"80","author":"Berchtold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.16.2499","article-title":"A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway controls skeletal muscle fiber type","volume":"12","author":"Chin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.08.013","article-title":"Insulin inhibits AMPK activity and phosphorylates AMPK Ser\u2074\u2078\u2075\/\u2074\u2079\u00b9 through Akt in hepatocytes, myotubes and incubated rat skeletal muscle","volume":"562","author":"Valentine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.01.010","article-title":"Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics","volume":"24","author":"Cifrek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol Avon.)"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.01.102","article-title":"Feature reduction and selection for EMG signal classification","volume":"39","author":"Phinyomark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.08.020","article-title":"Non-stationarity and power spectral shifts in EMG activity reflect motor unit recruitment in rat diaphragm muscle","volume":"185","author":"Seven","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.1.23","article-title":"Effects of muscle fiber type and size on EMG median frequency and conduction velocity","volume":"79","author":"Kupa","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013792","article-title":"The influences of muscle fibre proportions and areas upon EMG during maximal dynamic knee extensions","volume":"81","author":"Gerdle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:48:33Z","timestamp":1760125713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/11\/3856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12113856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12113856","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]}}}