{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T02:26:23Z","timestamp":1788575183467,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various methods have been used to improve function and manage facial nerve injury. Although electrical stimulation therapy is frequently used to treat facial paralysis, its effects have been found to vary and no clear standards have been developed. The current review describes the results of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of electrical stimulation therapy in promoting the recovery of a peripheral facial nerve injury. Evidence is presented showing the efficacy of electrical stimulation in promoting nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries in both animal models and human patients. The ability of electrical stimulation to promote the recovery of facial paralysis was found to depend on the type of injury (compression or transection), the species of animal tested, the type of disease, the frequency and method of electrical stimulation, and the duration of the follow-up. Electrical stimulation, however, can also have potential negative outcomes, such as reinforcing synkinesis, including mistargeted axonal regrowth via inappropriate routes; excessive collateral axonal branching at the lesion site; and multiple innervations at neuromuscular junctions. Because of the inconsistencies among studies and the low quality of evidence, electrical stimulation therapy is not currently regarded as a primary treatment of facial paralysis in patients. However, understanding the effects of electrical stimulation, as determined in preclinical and clinical studies, is important for the potential validity of future research on electrical stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T01:59:30Z","timestamp":1687226370000},"page":"4133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Facial Paralysis Recovery after Facial Nerve Injury: A Review on Preclinical and Clinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung Chul","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5374-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyang","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5045-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Geun","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otot.2021.10.009","article-title":"Anatomy of the facial nerve","volume":"32","author":"Hovland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper. 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