{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:41:24Z","timestamp":1785199284365,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Jaw motion tracking functionalities of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-scanners can visualize, record, and analyze movements of the mandible. In this explorative study, the validity of the 4D-Jaw Motion module (4D-JM) of the ProMax 3D Mid CBCT scanner (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) was tested in vitro. The validity of the 4D-JM was accepted if values differed less than 0.6 mm (three voxels sizes) from the gold standard. Three dry human skulls were used. CBCT scans, the gold standard, were taken in eight jaw positions and exported as three-dimensional (3D) models. Individualized 3D-printed dental wafers ensured the correct positioning of the mandible. Jaw positions were recorded with the 4D-JM tracking device and exported as 3D models. The coordinates of six reference points for both superimposed 3D models were obtained. The differences in the x, y and z-axis and the corresponding vector differences between gold standard 3D models and 4D-JM models were calculated. For the mandible 10% and for the maxilla 90% of the vector differences fell within 0.6 mm of the gold standard. With an increasing vertical jaw opening, larger differences between the gold standard and the 4D-JM 3D models were found. The smallest differences of the mandible were observed on the x axis. In this study, the 4D-JM validity was not acceptable by the authors\u2019 predefined standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T01:59:30Z","timestamp":1687226370000},"page":"4145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the Validity of an Optoelectronic Integrated Cone Beam Computed Tomography Jaw Tracking System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hayo C.","family":"van der Helm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3829-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjan J. A.","family":"Dieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5487-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter U.","family":"Dijkstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Sirindhorn School of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 14 Arun Amarin Rd, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wicher J.","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8172-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Kuijpers-Jagtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Campus Salemba, Jalan Salemba Raya No. 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"SICAT Function Anatomical Real-Dynamic Articulation by Merging Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Jaw Motion Tracking Data","volume":"17","author":"Ruge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58060738"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/1465312520908277","article-title":"Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Function after Orthognathic Surgery Using a Jaw Tracker","volume":"47","author":"Aslanidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merema, B.B.J., Witjes, M.J.H., Van Bakelen, N.B., Kraeima, J., and Spijkervet, F.K.L. (2022). Four-Dimensional Determination of the Patient-Specific Centre of Rotation for Total Temporomandibular Joint Replacements: Following the Groningen Principle. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091439"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v6.i8.567","article-title":"Imaging of the Temporomandibular Joint: An Update","volume":"6","author":"Bag","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. 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