{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:41:03Z","timestamp":1793727663750,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), also known as chronic lung disease, is the most common respiratory morbidity in preterm infants. \u201cOld\u201d or \u201cclassic\u201d BPD, as per the original description, is less common now. \u201cNew BPD\u201d, which presents with distinct clinical and pathological features, is more frequently observed in the current era of advanced neonatal care, where extremely premature infants are surviving because of medical advancements. The pathogenesis of BPD is complex and multifactorial and involves both genetic and environmental factors. This review provides an overview of the pathology of BPD and discusses the influence of several prenatal and postnatal factors on its pathogenesis, such as maternal factors, genetic susceptibility, ventilator-associated lung injury, oxygen toxicity, sepsis, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and nutritional deficiencies. This in-depth review draws on existing literature to explore these factors and their potential contribution to the development of BPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1687487647000},"page":"4207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nilesh","family":"Dankhara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Holla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumana","family":"Ramarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renjithkumar","family":"Kalikkot Thekkeveedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201611-2386ED","article-title":"The Evolution of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia after 50 Years","volume":"195","author":"Abman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. 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