{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:57:47Z","timestamp":1781197067958,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Expert Responsibility area of Sein\u00e4joki Central Hospital","award":["VTR 6400\/3257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTR 6400\/3257"]}]},{"name":"Expert Responsibility area of Sein\u00e4joki Central Hospital","award":["5300\/3116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5300\/3116"]}]},{"name":"Expert Responsibility area of Sein\u00e4joki Central Hospital","award":["102014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102014"]}]},{"name":"Expert Responsibility area of Sein\u00e4joki Central Hospital","award":["042018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["042018"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation for the Promotion of Laboratory Medicine","award":["VTR 6400\/3257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTR 6400\/3257"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation for the Promotion of Laboratory Medicine","award":["5300\/3116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5300\/3116"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation for the Promotion of Laboratory Medicine","award":["102014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102014"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation for the Promotion of Laboratory Medicine","award":["042018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["042018"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation of Clinical Chemistry","award":["VTR 6400\/3257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTR 6400\/3257"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation of Clinical Chemistry","award":["5300\/3116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5300\/3116"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation of Clinical Chemistry","award":["102014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102014"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation of Clinical Chemistry","award":["042018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["042018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzymes are commonly used indicators of liver dysfunction recent studies have suggested that these may also serve as predictive biomarkers in the assessment of extrahepatic morbidity. In order to shed further light on the interactions between serum liver enzyme abnormalities, factors of lifestyle and health status we examined ALT and GGT activities in a population-based sample of 8743 adult individuals (4048 men, 4695 women from the National FINRISK 2002 Study, mean age 48.1 \u00b1 13.1 years) with different levels of alcohol drinking, smoking, physical activity, body weight and the presence or absence of various pre-existing medical conditions. The assessments also included laboratory tests for inflammation, lipid status and fatty liver index (FLI), a proxy for fatty liver. The prevalence of ALT and GGT abnormalities were significantly influenced by alcohol use (ALT: p &lt; 0.0005 for men; GGT: p &lt; 0.0005 for both genders), smoking (GGT: p &lt; 0.0005 for men, p = 0.002 for women), adiposity (p &lt; 0.0005 for all comparisons), physical inactivity (GGT: p &lt; 0.0005; ALT: p &lt; 0.0005 for men, p &lt; 0.05 for women) and coffee consumption (p &lt; 0.0005 for GGT in both genders; p &lt; 0.001 for ALT in men). The total sum of lifestyle risk factor scores (LRFS) influenced the occurrence of liver enzyme abnormalities in a rather linear manner. Significantly higher LRFS were observed in the subgroups of individuals with pre-existing medical conditions when compared with those having no morbidities (p &lt; 0.0005). In logistic regression analyses adjusted for the lifestyle factors, both ALT and GGT associated significantly with fatty liver, diabetes and hypertension. GGT levels also associated with coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, cardiac insufficiency, cerebrovascular disease, asthma and depression. Combinations of abnormal ALT and GGT activities significantly increased the odds for hypertension coinciding with abnormalities in biomarkers of inflammation, lipid status and FLI. The data indicates that ALT and GGT activities readily respond to unfavorable factors of lifestyle associating also with a wide array of pre-existing medical conditions. The data supports close links between both hepatic and extrahepatic morbidities and lifestyle risk factors and may open new insights on a more comprehensive use of liver enzymes in predictive algorithms for assessing mechanistically anchored disease conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T02:11:22Z","timestamp":1687831882000},"page":"4276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Associations between Liver Enzymes, Lifestyle Risk Factors and Pre-Existing Medical Conditions in a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Onni","family":"Niemel\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Sein\u00e4joki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Sein\u00e4joki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aini","family":"Bloigu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risto","family":"Bloigu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauri","family":"Aalto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sein\u00e4joki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Laatikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Social Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, 80210 Joensuu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl086","article-title":"Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase predicts non-fatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease among 28,838 middle-aged men and women","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. 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