{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:27:25Z","timestamp":1788776845299,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGING Project for the Department of Excellence at the Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Peripheral markers of inflammation, including blood cell counts and their ratios, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), have been reported as an easily accessible and reliable proxy of central nervous system inflammation. However, the role of peripheral inflammation in dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) still needs to be clarified. In the current study, we aimed to assess the prognostic role of the NLR and other peripheral markers of inflammation in a sample of 130 amnestic MCI, followed up for two to five years. The Mini-Mental state examination (MMSE) score at baseline and follow-up visits was used to assess global cognitive status at each visit and the degree of cognitive decline over time. Baseline peripheral markers of inflammation included blood cell counts and ratios, specifically the NLR, the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and the systemic immune inflammation index (SII). After classifying subjects into CONVERTERS and non-CONVERTERS (respectively, patients converting to dementia and subjects showing stability at the last available follow-up), we compared peripheral markers of inflammation among groups ed correlated them with cognitive measures, testing the ability of significant factors to predict conversion to dementia. In our cohort, CONVERTERS showed lower baseline MMSE scores (p-value = 0.004) than non-CONVERTERS. In addition, CONVERTERS had statistically elevated NLR (p-value = 0.005), PLR (p-value = 0.002), and SII levels (p-value = 0.015), besides a lower number of lymphocytes (p-value = 0.004) compared with non-CONVERTERS. In a logistic regression analysis, baseline MMSE scores and NLR predicted conversion to dementia. Tertiles analysis showed that MCI with the highest NLR values had a higher conversion risk. Our study supports the hypothesis that a dysregulation of peripheral inflammation involving both lymphocytes and neutrophils may play a role in the pathogenesis of dementia, even at the early stages of neurodegeneration, as in the MCI condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"4298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Investigating the Prognostic Role of Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Mild Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0057-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Tondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Aprile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0197-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"De Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Sarasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giordana","family":"Borasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"Arenillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristoforo","family":"Comi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Nichols","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31756-7","article-title":"Prevention and management of dementia: A priority for public health","volume":"390","author":"Frankish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06070-z","article-title":"Changes in mortality in top 10 causes of death from 2011 to 2018","volume":"36","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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