{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T02:39:07Z","timestamp":1784601547849,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heterogeneity regarding dosimetry and reporting of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) mandates the development of a standardized protocol. This study presents the mid-term results of EVLA with 1940 nm-laser and radial-fibre, supported by a four-zone dosimetry tool. Materials and methods: Four anatomical dosimetry zones for great saphenous veins (GSV) and two for small saphenous veins (SSV) were defined with set power levels. Zone-1G (4 W) extended from the inguinal ligament to the apex of femoral triangle, Zone-2G (4 W) from the apex of femoral triangle to the upper border of patella. Zone-3G (3 W) from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. Zone-4G (2 W) extended from the tibial tuberosity to the ankle. Zone-1S from the sapheno-popliteal junction to the tibial tuberosity. Zone-2S from the tibial tuberosity to the ankle. Power was increased by 1 W for veins &gt;10 mm and decreased by 1 W when fibre sticking was encountered. Pullback-velocity was max. 1 mm\/s. Results: A total of 152 consecutive patients (185 procedures) were recruited. Mean follow-up time was 11.9 months. Mean linear endovenous energy density for GSV was Zone-1G:42 J\/cm, Zone-2G:33 J\/cm, Zone-3G:27 J\/cm, Zone-4G:22 J\/cm, Zone-1S:34 J\/cm, Zone-2S:27 J\/cm. Occlusion rates were 98.9% (1-month) and 93.7% (12-months). Complications at 1 M were low, namely laser-induced paraesthesia (LIP) 2.2% and endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) 1.6%. Persistent LIP (12 M) was observed in 0.5%. Conclusion: The proposed four-zone guiding tool is a step towards standardizing dosimetry and documentation for EVLA with 1940 nm. This strategy shows good mid-term results with minimal complications. Long-term follow-up and application in further centres are necessary to prove its reproducibility. Such a guiding tool could improve the ability to analyse, compare and review different EVLA wavelengths and fibre types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"4313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prospects of Endovenous Laser Ablation (EVLA) Standardization\u2014Mid-Term Results of a Four-Zone Dosimetry Guiding Tool for 1940 nm Laser"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5097-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhay","family":"Setia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Diakonie-Klinikum, 74523 Schwaebisch Hall, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Vascular Medicine, Klinikum Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slobodan","family":"Dikic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Diakonie-Klinikum, 74523 Schwaebisch Hall, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahit","family":"Demhasaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Diakonie-Klinikum, 74523 Schwaebisch Hall, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmitz-Rixen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, German Society of Surgery, Langenbeck-Virchow-House, Luisenstr. 59, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Sroka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Urology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4895-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus-Georg","family":"Schmedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Diakonie-Klinikum, 74523 Schwaebisch Hall, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2011.01.079","article-title":"The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: Clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum","volume":"53","author":"Gloviczki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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