{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:54:08Z","timestamp":1793138048445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: to assess the course and outcome of fetuses affected by primary cardiomyopathy (CM). Methods: Retrospective study of 21 cases with prenatal diagnosis of a primary CM in one tertiary center over a period of 20 years. Charts were reviewed for echocardiographic findings, pregnancy outcome, and postnatal course. The utility of prenatal evaluation was discussed. Results: The mean gestational age (GA) at diagnosis was 26.7 (\u00b15.1) weeks. A total of 33.3% (7\/21) had associated anomalies. Genetic etiology was confirmed in 50.0% (10\/20, with one case lost to follow up). The overall survival rate of the entire study population was 40% (8\/20) including termination of pregnancy in 20% (4\/20) and an intrauterine mortality rate of 5% (1\/20). Of the initial survivors (n = 15), a neonatal and early infant mortality rate of 46.7% (7\/15) was calculated. Prenatal isolated right ventricular involvement was the only identified significant parameter for survival (p = 0.035). Four phenotypical groups were identified: 42.9% (9\/21) hypertrophic (HCM), 38.1% (8\/21) dilated (DCM), 14.3% (3\/21) isolated noncompaction (NCCM), and 4.8% (1\/21) restrictive CM (RCM). Fetuses assigned to isolated NCCM revealed a 100% survival rate. Conclusion: Prenatal detection is feasible but needs to a introduce classification method for better consulting and management practices. A poor outcome is still observed in many cases, but an increase in examiners\u2019 awareness may influence optimal multispecialized care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T01:15:47Z","timestamp":1688001347000},"page":"4366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spectrum and Outcome of Prenatally Diagnosed Fetal Primary Cardiomyopathies\u2014A Twenty-Year Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8302-3854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeline","family":"Walter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Calite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annegret","family":"Geipel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Strizek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9135-4338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Recker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Herberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Prenatal Medicine, Gynecological Ultrasound and Fetal Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Gembruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287","article-title":"Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention","volume":"113","author":"Maron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"471","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of heart failure in the fetus","volume":"64","author":"Davey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12515","article-title":"Changing prevalence of severe congenital heart disease: Results from the National Register for Congenital Heart Defects in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Pfitzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Congenit. 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