{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:55:44Z","timestamp":1790812544423,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peritoneal fibrosis is the final process of progressive changes in the peritoneal membrane due to chronic inflammation and infection. It is one of the main causes of discontinuation of peritoneal dialysis (PD), apart from peritonitis and cardiovascular complications. Over time, morphological changes occur in the peritoneal membranes of patients who use PD. Of those are mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), neoangiogenesis, sub-mesothelial fibrosis, and hyalinizing vasculopathy. Several key molecules are involved in the complex pathophysiology of peritoneal fibrosis, including advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This narrative review will first discuss the physiology of the peritoneum and PD. Next, the multifaceted pathophysiology of peritoneal fibrosis, including the effects of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus on the peritoneal membrane, and the promising biomarkers of peritoneal fibrosis will be reviewed. Finally, the current and future management of peritoneal fibrosis will be discussed, including the potential benefits of new-generation glucose-lowering medications to prevent or slow down the progression of peritoneal fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T01:02:41Z","timestamp":1688086961000},"page":"4401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Current Insights into Cellular Determinants of Peritoneal Fibrosis in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0522-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satriyo Dwi","family":"Suryantoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mochammad","family":"Thaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Sutanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4369-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Firdausa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hashmi, M.F., Benjamin, O., and Lappin, S.L. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2021.02.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of End-Stage Kidney Disease","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4161\/org.7.1.13997","article-title":"Renal Replacement Therapy Review","volume":"7","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F999","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00012.2016","article-title":"Peritoneal Dialysis: From Bench to Bedside and Bedside to Bench","volume":"311","author":"Perl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2011.09.001","article-title":"Peritoneal Dialysis versus Hemodialysis: Risks, Benefits, and Access Issues","volume":"18","author":"Sinnakirouchenan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krediet, R.T. (2022). Aging of the Peritoneal Dialysis Membrane. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.885802"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2014.00278","article-title":"ISPD Cardiovascular and Metabolic Guidelines in Adult Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Part II\u2014Management of Various Cardiovascular Complications","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608221080586","article-title":"ISPD Peritonitis Guideline Recommendations: 2022 Update on Prevention and Treatment","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880502800207","article-title":"Simple Peritoneal Sclerosis and Sclerosing Peritonitis: Related or Distinct Entities?","volume":"28","author":"Sacchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Floege, J., Johnson, R.J., and Feehally, J. (2010). Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology, Mosby. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i28.3101","article-title":"Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Danford","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607204","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.607204","article-title":"Mechanisms of Peritoneal Fibrosis: Focus on Immune Cells\u2013Peritoneal Stroma Interactions","volume":"12","author":"Terri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Himmelfarb, J., and Ikizler, T.A. (2019). Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw051","article-title":"Incidence and Outcome of Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Petrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Moriles, K.E., and Hashmi, M.F. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180594","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/180594","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the Peritoneal Membrane during Peritoneal Dialysis: The Role of Hyaluronan","volume":"2011","author":"Yung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi, A., Lerma, E.V., and Bargman, J.M. (2021). Applied Peritoneal Dialysis: Improving Patient Outcomes, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70897-9"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-012-0203-y","article-title":"Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis\u2014A Guide to Imaging Appearances and Complications","volume":"4","author":"Goldstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.04.016","article-title":"Angiotensin II Receptors and Peritoneal Dialysis-Induced Peritoneal Fibrosis","volume":"77","author":"Morinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masola, V., Bonomini, M., Borrelli, S., Di Liberato, L., Vecchi, L., Onisto, M., Gambaro, G., Palumbo, R., and Arduini, A. (2022). Fibrosis of Peritoneal Membrane as Target of New Therapies in Peritoneal Dialysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094831"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.03.040","article-title":"Preventing Peritoneal Membrane Fibrosis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000521564","article-title":"Loss of JNK-Associated Leucine Zipper Protein Promotes Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritoneal Fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860820938239","article-title":"Peritoneal Fibrosis and Epigenetic Modulation","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9746","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27660","article-title":"MiR-15a-5p Suppresses Inflammation and Fibrosis of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells Induced by Peritoneal Dialysis via Targeting VEGFA","volume":"234","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110385","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs in Peritoneal Fibrosis: Background, Mechanism, and Therapeutic Approach","volume":"129","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04065-2","article-title":"MiR-29b May Suppresses Peritoneal Metastases through Inhibition of the Mesothelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) of Human Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells","volume":"12","author":"Kimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2023.100645","article-title":"The Gut-Peritoneum Axis in Peritoneal Dialysis and Peritoneal Fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Stepanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.12.023","article-title":"A Pathogenetic Role for M1 Macrophages in Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Fibrosis","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10369","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140510369","article-title":"The Role of Peritoneal Alternatively Activated Macrophages in the Process of Peritoneal Fibrosis Related to Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03630807","article-title":"Impact of Uremia, Diabetes, and Peritoneal Dialysis Itself on the Pathogenesis of Peritoneal Sclerosis: A Quantitative Study of Peritoneal Membrane Morphology","volume":"3","author":"Honda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.07.018","article-title":"Diabetes and Exposure to Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions Alter Tight Junction Proteins and Glucose Transporters of Rat Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells","volume":"161","author":"Venegas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000520894","article-title":"Peritoneal Expression of SGLT-2, GLUT1, and GLUT3 in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients","volume":"47","author":"Schricker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01652-x","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Promotes Peritoneal Fibrosis and Its Inhibitions Prevent Failure of Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1797.2002.00122.x","article-title":"Peritoneal Mesothelial Cell Biology in Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"7","author":"Ha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.217117","article-title":"Activation of Protein Kinase C Isoforms and Its Impact on Diabetic Complications","volume":"106","author":"Geraldes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.037","article-title":"Biomarker Research to Improve Clinical Outcomes of Peritoneal Dialysis: Consensus of the European Training and Research in Peritoneal Dialysis (EuTRiPD) Network","volume":"92","author":"Aufricht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.10.022","article-title":"Peritoneal Effluent MMP-2 and PAI-1 in Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Barreto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2012.01063","article-title":"Can Effluent Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Be Used as Biomarkers of Peritoneal Membrane Alterations in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients?","volume":"33","author":"Barreto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152584","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2152584","article-title":"Longitudinal Changes of PAI-1, MMP-2, and VEGF in Peritoneal Effluents and Their Associations with Peritoneal Small-Solute Transfer Rate in New Peritoneal Dialysis Patients","volume":"2019","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Ditsawanon, P., Wu, Q., Adler, S.G., Wang, Y., LaPage, J., Nayak, A., Andalibi, A., Aramwit, P., and Dai, T. (2016). Inflammatory Biomarker Pairs as Outcome Measures in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Pilot Study. Proc. UCLA Healthc., 20."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00934-7","article-title":"Soluble CD59 in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Potential Biomarker for Peritoneal Membrane Function","volume":"34","author":"Faria","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608211067866","article-title":"Effluent Decoy Receptor 2 as a Novel Biomarker of Peritoneal Fibrosis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branco, P., Cal\u00e7a, R., Martins, A.R., Mateus, C., Jervis, M.J., Gomes, D.P., Azeredo-Lopes, S., De Melo Junior, A.F., Sousa, C., and Civantos, E. (2023). Fibrosis of Peritoneal Membrane, Molecular Indicators of Aging and Frailty Unveil Vulnerable Patients in Long-Term Peritoneal Dialysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24055020"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"CD007554","article-title":"Biocompatible Dialysis Fluids for Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"10","author":"Htay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01692","article-title":"Preventing Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Fibrosis by Therapeutic Blunting of Peritoneal Toll-Like Receptor Activity","volume":"9","author":"Raby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e31799","article-title":"A Review on Major Pathways Leading to Peritoneal Fibrosis in Patients Receiving Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"14","author":"Taheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6103","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16518","article-title":"Nintedanib Attenuates Peritoneal Fibrosis by Inhibiting Mesothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, Inflammation and Angiogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649581","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.649581","article-title":"Tetramethylpyrazine Ameliorates Peritoneal Angiogenesis by Regulating VEGF\/Hippo\/YAP Signaling","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02270-4","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Dialysis-Induced Peritoneal Fibrosis by Modulating Macrophage Polarization via Interleukin-6","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02273-1","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured in Serum-Free Medium Ameliorate Experimental Peritoneal Fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88730","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20982","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibition Counteracts the Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells and Prevents Peritoneal Fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura, R., Doi, S., Nakashima, A., Sasaki, K., Maeda, K., Ueno, T., and Masaki, T. (2018). Inhibition of the H3K4 Methyltransferase SET7\/9 Ameliorates Peritoneal Fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196844"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5352","article-title":"Genetic or Pharmacologic Blockade of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Inhibits the Progression of Peritoneal Fibrosis","volume":"250","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640700","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.640700","article-title":"Histone Methyltransferase EZH2: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Kidney Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149411","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2149411","article-title":"Inhibition of EZH2 Mitigates Peritoneal Fibrosis and Lipid Precipitation in Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells Mediated by Klotho","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-020-01215-7","article-title":"Preserved Peritoneal Function by Short-Term Two-Day Peritoneal Rest in Hemodialysis Combination Therapy Patients","volume":"24","author":"Ueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh559","article-title":"Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid-Induced Changes of the Peritoneal Membrane Are Reversible after Peritoneal Rest in Rats","volume":"20","author":"Zareie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080702700519","article-title":"Effects of Peritoneal Resting on Peritoneal Fluid Transport Kinetics","volume":"27","author":"Zhe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2013.00286","article-title":"Peritoneal Resting with Heparinized Lavage Reverses Peritoneal Type I Membrane Failure. A Comparative Study of the Resting Effects on Normal Membranes","volume":"34","author":"Alvarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.106","article-title":"SGLT-2 Inhibitors Reduce Glucose Absorption from Peritoneal Dialysis Solution by Suppressing the Activity of SGLT-2","volume":"109","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balzer, M.S., Rong, S., Nordlohne, J., Zemtsovski, J.D., Schmidt, S., Stapel, B., Bartosova, M., von Vietinghoff, S., Haller, H., and Schmitt, C.P. (2020). SGLT2 Inhibition by Intraperitoneal Dapagliflozin Mitigates Peritoneal Fibrosis and Ultrafiltration Failure in a Mouse Model of Chronic Peritoneal Exposure to High-Glucose Dialysate. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.04.366724"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19988-7","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibitors Attenuate Nephrin Loss and Enhance TGF-\u03921 Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Albuminuria: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608211008095","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibition Does Not Reduce Glucose Absorption during Experimental Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"41","author":"Martus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022040474","article-title":"Phloretin Improves Ultrafiltration and Reduces Glucose Absorption during Peritoneal Dialysis in Rats","volume":"33","author":"Bergling","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608231161178","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibition, Glucose Transport and Peritoneal Dialysis: Finding the Sweet Spot","volume":"43","author":"Sridhar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03470315","article-title":"Peritoneal Equilibration Test and Patient Outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2023, June 16). Misra, Madhukar; Khanna, Ramesh Peritoneal Equilibration Test\u2014UpToDate. Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/peritoneal-equilibration-test#H1."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.1990.tb00029.x","article-title":"The Fast Peritoneal Equilibration Test","volume":"3","author":"Twardowski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2011.00270","article-title":"Neutral Solution Low in Glucose Degradation Products Is Associated with Less Peritoneal Fibrosis and Vascular Sclerosis in Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"33","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.59780042.x","article-title":"Peritoneal Sclerosis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Related to Dialysis Settings and Peritoneal Transport Properties","volume":"59","author":"Plum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/13\/4401\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:03:22Z","timestamp":1760126602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/13\/4401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12134401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12134401","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}