{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:36Z","timestamp":1787028636646,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the various ocular manifestations of limbal stem cell insufficiency, an awareness of the genetic, acquired, and immunological causes and associated additional treatments of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is essential for providers. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature on the various etiologies and specific therapies for LSCD. The resources utilized in this review included Medline (PubMed), Embase, and Google Scholar. All English-language articles and case reports published from November 1986 through to October 2022 were reviewed in this study. There were collectively 99 articles on these topics. No other exclusion criteria were applied. Depending on the etiology, ocular manifestations of limbal stem cell deficiency range from dry eye syndrome and redness to more severe outcomes, including corneal ulceration, ocular surface failure, and vision loss. Identifying the source of damage for LSCD is critical in the treatment process, given that therapy may extend beyond the scope of the standard protocol, including artificial tears, refractive surgery, and allogeneic stem cell transplants. This comprehensive review of the literature demonstrates the various genetic, acquired, and immunological causes of LSCD and the spectrum of supplemental therapies available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:49:27Z","timestamp":1688345367000},"page":"4418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Multifold Etiologies of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency: A Comprehensive Review on the Etiologies and Additional Treatment Options for Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1024-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Moshirfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"John A. Moran Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT 84107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maliha","family":"Masud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8921-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devon","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carter","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2814-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elayna","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8852-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmyne","family":"Ronquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Hoopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8813447","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8813447","article-title":"Corneal Stem Cells as a Source of Regenerative Cell-Based Therapy","volume":"2020","author":"Nurkovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.11.002","article-title":"The diagnosis of limbal stem cell deficiency","volume":"16","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. 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