{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:50:20Z","timestamp":1791798620035,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]],"date-time":"2023-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the birth of Louise Brown in 1978, more than nine million children have been conceived using assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). While the great majority of children are healthy, there are concerns about the potential epigenetic consequences of gametes and embryo manipulation. In fact, during the preimplantation period, major waves of epigenetic reprogramming occur. Epigenetic reprogramming is susceptible to environmental changes induced by ovarian stimulation, in-vitro fertilization, and embryo culture, as well as cryopreservation procedures. This review summarizes the evidence relating to oocytes and embryo cryopreservation and potential epigenetic regulation. Overall, it appears that the stress induced by vitrification, including osmotic shock, temperature and pH changes, and toxicity of cryoprotectants, might induce epigenetic and transcriptomic changes in oocytes and embryos. It is currently unclear if these changes will have potential consequences for the health of future offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:49:27Z","timestamp":1688345367000},"page":"4444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Can Cryopreservation in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Induce Epigenetic Changes to Gametes and Embryos?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7698-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romualdo","family":"Sciorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Assisted Conception Programme, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofertility IVF and Infertility Center, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Fauque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9\u2014Equipe G\u00e9n\u00e9tique des Anomalies du Development (GAD) INSERM UMR1231, F-21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction\u2014CECOS, F-21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Rinaudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoz038","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoz038","article-title":"ART in Europe, 2015: Results generated from European registries by ESHRE","volume":"2020","author":"Kupka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoac 022","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac022","article-title":"ART in Europe, 2018: Results generated from European registries by ESHRE","volume":"2022","author":"Wyns","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90989-X","article-title":"Pregnancy after human oocyte cryopreservation","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60837-1","article-title":"Highly efficient vitrification method for cryopreservation of human oocytes","volume":"11","author":"Kuwayama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"139","article-title":"Oocyte, embryo and blastocyst cryopreservation in art: Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing slow-freezing versus vitrification to produce evidence for the development of global guidance","volume":"23","author":"Rienzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2014.03.024","article-title":"Oocyte vitrification in the 21st century and post-warming fertility outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Potdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2013.0084","article-title":"Storage of Human Biospecimens: Selection of the Optimal Storage Temperature","volume":"12","author":"Hubel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biopreserv. Biobank."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms062","article-title":"The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment: Part I\u2013General health outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Hart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"48","article-title":"In vitro fertilization (IVF) in mammals: Epigenetic and developmental alterations. Scientific and bioethical implications for IVF in humans","volume":"18","author":"Rolle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.07.015","article-title":"Can assisted reproductive technologies cause adult-onset disease? Evidence from human and mouse","volume":"68","author":"Vrooman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0480187","article-title":"Genomic imprinting and human disease","volume":"48","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13581","article-title":"DNA methylation dynamics of the human preimplantation embryo","volume":"511","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02072-w","article-title":"Elective oocyte cryopreservation for age-related fertility decline","volume":"38","author":"Chronopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey321","article-title":"Elective and Onco-fertility preservation: Factors related to IVF outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Cobo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO468","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2019-0068","article-title":"Elective egg freezing: What is the vision of women around the globe?","volume":"6","author":"Nasab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00460-2","article-title":"A Survey of Women Who Cryopreserved Oocytes for Non-medical Indications (Social Fertility Preservation)","volume":"28","author":"Seyhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1992","article-title":"Breast cancer treatment and ovarian failure: Risk factors and emerging genetic determinants","volume":"6","author":"Stearns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174415007898","article-title":"A meta-analysis of neonatal health outcomes from oocyte donation","volume":"7","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6368.835","article-title":"Pregnancy established in an infertile patient after transfer of a donated embryo fertilised in vitro","volume":"286","author":"Trounson","year":"1983","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60855-3","article-title":"Oocyte and embryo donation 2006: Reviewing two decades of innovation and controversy","volume":"12","author":"Sauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02178-1","article-title":"More than the oocyte source, egg donors as patients: A national picture of United States egg donors","volume":"38","author":"Kawwass","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.08.020","article-title":"Six years\u2019 experience in ovum donation using vitrified oocytes: Report of cumulative outcomes, impact of storage time, and development of a predictive model for oocyte survival rate","volume":"104","author":"Cobo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq146","article-title":"Use of cryo-banked oocytes in an ovum donation programme: A prospective, randomized, controlled, clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Cobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev134","article-title":"Vitrification of cleavage stage day 3 embryos results in higher live birth rates than conventional slow freezing: A RCT","volume":"30","author":"Debrock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa009","article-title":"Definition of a clinical strategy to enhance the efficacy, efficiency and safety of egg donation cycles with imported vitrified oocytes","volume":"35","author":"Rienzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199421000204","article-title":"Live birth and clinical outcome of vitrification-warming donor oocyte programme: An experience of a single IVF unit","volume":"29","author":"Sciorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep346","article-title":"Embryo development of fresh \u2018versus\u2019 vitrified metaphase II oocytes after ICSI: A prospective randomized sibling-oocyte study","volume":"25","author":"Rienzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2018.08.004","article-title":"Single blastocyst transfer (SET) and pregnancy outcome of day 5 and day 6 human blastocysts vitrified using a closed device","volume":"84","author":"Sciorio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199419000273","article-title":"Increased pregnancy outcome after day 5 versus day 6 transfers of human vitrified-warmed blastocysts","volume":"27","author":"Sciorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2019.12.001","article-title":"Fertility preservation and preimplantation genetic assessment for women with breast cancer","volume":"92","author":"Sciorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev078","article-title":"Fertility preservation in women with endometriosis: For all, for some, for none?","volume":"30","author":"Somigliana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu151","article-title":"Live birth rates after IVF are reduced by both low and high progesterone levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration","volume":"29","author":"Polyzos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.02.135","article-title":"Programming the endometrium for deferred transfer of cryopreserved embryos: Hormone replacement versus modified natural cycles","volume":"109","author":"Groenewoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des315","article-title":"Single embryo transfer reduces the risk of perinatal mortality, a population study","volume":"27","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2019.11.041","article-title":"Clinical utility of freeze-all approach in ART treatment: A mini-review","volume":"92","author":"Sciorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew103","article-title":"Neonatal health including congenital malformation risk of 1072 children born after vitrified embryo transfer","volume":"31","author":"Belva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.07.010","article-title":"Health outcomes for Massachusetts infants after fresh versus frozen embryo transferr","volume":"112","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.05.020","article-title":"Fresh versus frozen embryo transfer has no effect on childhood weight","volume":"112","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx031","article-title":"Is frozen embryo transfer better for mothers and babies? Can cumulative meta-analysis provide a definitive answer?","volume":"24","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.047","article-title":"Obstetric and perinatal outcomes after either fresh or thawed frozen embryo transfer: An analysis of 112,432 singleton pregnancies recorded in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority anonymized dataset","volume":"106","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des036","article-title":"Obstetric outcome in singletons after in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved\/thawed embryos","volume":"27","author":"Sazonova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep477","article-title":"Perinatal outcome of children born after frozen and fresh embryo transfer: The Finnish cohort study 1995\u20132006","volume":"25","author":"Pelkonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det440","article-title":"Large baby syndrome in singletons born after frozen embryo transfer (FET): Is it due to maternal factors or the cryotechnique?","volume":"29","author":"Pinborg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12046","article-title":"Absent or Excessive Corpus Luteum Number Is Associated with Altered Maternal Vascular Health in Early Pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/305707a0","article-title":"Human pregnancy following cryopreservation, thawing and transfer of an eight-cell embryo","volume":"305","author":"Trounson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.10.2874","article-title":"Vitrification of human embryos based on the assessment of suitable conditions for 8-cell mouse embryos","volume":"13","author":"Mukaida","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu246","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following cryopreservation of blastocysts by vitrification or slow freezing: A population-based cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2009.04.012","article-title":"The dominance of warming rate over cooling rate in the survival of mouse oocytes subjected to a vitrification procedure","volume":"59","author":"Seki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)85562-1","article-title":"Long-term storage of tissues by cryopreservation: Critical issues","volume":"17","author":"Karlsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"375","article-title":"Cryoprotectants: The essential antifreezes to protect life in the frozen state","volume":"25","author":"Fuller","year":"2004","journal-title":"CryoLetters"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.62.6.714","article-title":"Patterns of Nonelectrolyte Permeability in Human Red Blood Cell Membrane","volume":"62","author":"Naccache","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.1.112","article-title":"Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and procedures for their addition and removal from human spermatozoa","volume":"12","author":"Gilmore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem083","article-title":"Osmotic responses and tolerance limits to changes in external osmolalities, and oolemma permeability characteristics, of human in vitro matured MII oocytes","volume":"22","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(84)90079-8","article-title":"Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservation","volume":"21","author":"Fahy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.47.2.347","article-title":"Kinetics of Water Loss from Cells at Subzero Temperatures and the Likelihood of Intracellular Freezing","volume":"47","author":"Mazur","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)62126-8","article-title":"Developmental consequences of cryopreservation of mammalian oocytes and embryos","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1656","article-title":"Cryoprotectant toxicity: Facts, issues, and questions","volume":"18","author":"Best","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"750","article-title":"Dysmorphic patterns are associated with cytoskeletal alterations in human oocytes","volume":"32","author":"Guglielmo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21022","article-title":"Preimplantation stress and development","volume":"96","author":"Feuer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03117-5","article-title":"Rigorous thermal control during intracytoplasmic sperm injection stabilizes the meiotic spindle and improves fertilization and pregnancy rates","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60231-3","article-title":"Symposium: Innovative techniques in human embryo viability assessment. Oocyte assessment and embryo viability prediction: Birefringence imaging","volume":"17","author":"Montag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)53644-9","article-title":"Transient cooling to room temperature can cause irreversible disruption of the meiotic spindle in the human oocyte","volume":"54","author":"Pickering","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00878","article-title":"Calcium-free vitrification reduces cryoprotectant-induced zona pellucida hardening and increases fertilization rates in mouse oocytes","volume":"131","author":"Larman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136005","article-title":"Parthenogenetic activation of human oocytes following cryopreservation using 1,2-propanediol","volume":"10","author":"Gook","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.01.076","article-title":"Slow cooling of human oocytes: Ultrastructural injuries and apoptotic status","volume":"91","author":"Gualtieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh313","article-title":"Cryopreservation of metaphase II human oocytes effects mitochondrial membrane potential: Implications for developmental competence","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohaya, N., Fujiwara, K., Ito, J., and Kashiwazaki, N. (2013). Generation of Live Offspring from Vitrified Mouse Oocytes of C57BL\/6J Strain. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058063"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12290","article-title":"Melatonin inhibits apoptosis and improves the developmental potential of vitrified bovine oocytes","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christou-Kent, M., Dhellemmes, M., Lambert, E., Ray, P.F., and Arnoult, C. (2020). Diversity of RNA-Binding Proteins Modulating Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Protein Expression in the Maturing Mammalian Oocyte. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030662"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20190043","article-title":"The role and mechanisms of DNA methylation in the oocyte","volume":"63","author":"Sendzikaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01199051","article-title":"Dimethyl sulphoxide: A review of its applications in cell biology","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000326623","article-title":"Cryopreservation of Human Stem Cells for Clinical Application: A Review","volume":"38","author":"Hunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1272","article-title":"Dimethyl sulfoxide to vorinostat: Development of this histone deacetylase inhibitor as an anticancer drug","volume":"25","author":"Marks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2013","article-title":"Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and ROS-Induced ROS Release","volume":"94","author":"Zorov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.06.037","article-title":"Effect of oocyte vitrification on deoxyribonucleic acid methylation of H19, Peg3, and Snrpn differentially methylated regions in mouse blastocysts","volume":"102","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.04.049","article-title":"Evaluation of post-thaw DNA integrity of mouse blastocysts after ultrarapid and slow freezing","volume":"91","author":"Kader","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu063","article-title":"The effect of cryopreservation on the genome of gametes and embryos: Principles of cryobiology and critical appraisal of the evidence","volume":"21","author":"Kopeika","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-008-9163-y","article-title":"Is stem cell chromosomes stability affected by cryopreservation conditions?","volume":"58","author":"Diaferia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2006.05.005","article-title":"Cryopreservation by slow cooling with DMSO diminished production of Oct-4 pluripotency marker in human embryonic stem cells","volume":"53","author":"Katkov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-011-9230-1","article-title":"Effects of cryopreservation on the transcriptome of human embryonic stem cells after thawing and culturing","volume":"7","author":"Wagh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.368","article-title":"The roles of apoptotic pathways in the low recovery rate after cryopreservation of dissociated human embryonic stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0530-5","article-title":"Effect of cryopreservation on proliferation and differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cell sheets","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.05.006","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology alters deoxyribonucleic acid methylation profiles in bloodspots of newborn infants","volume":"106","author":"Estill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724853","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.724853","article-title":"The Impact of Embryo Storage Time on Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes and the Time Limit of Vitrification: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr184","article-title":"The epigenotype","volume":"41","author":"Waddington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"168","article-title":"Is ART changing the epigenetic landscape of imprinting?","volume":"7","author":"Mak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R109","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0180","article-title":"Epigenetic dynamics during preimplantation development","volume":"150","author":"Marcho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2011.125","article-title":"Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility","volume":"12","author":"Skinner","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.011","article-title":"Mapping Human Epigenomes","volume":"155","author":"Rivera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gujar, H., Weisenberger, D.J., and Liang, G. (2019). The Roles of Human DNA Methyltransferases and Their Isoforms in Shaping the Epigenome. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10020172"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.006","article-title":"Epigenetics: A Landscape Takes Shape","volume":"128","author":"Goldberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7310149","article-title":"HDACs, histone deacetylation and gene transcription: From molecular biology to cancer therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Gallinari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2011.10.031","article-title":"Influence of Histone Tails and H4 Tail Acetylations on Nucleosome\u2013Nucleosome Interactions","volume":"414","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"57","article-title":"Posttranslationally Modified Tubulins and other Cytoskeletal Proteins: Their Role in Gametogenesis, Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Pre-Implantation Embryo Development","volume":"Volume 59","author":"Sutovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Posttranslational Protein Modifications in the Reproductive System"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2017.12.011","article-title":"Temporal and SUMO-specific SUMOylation contribute to the dynamics of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and spindle integrity during mouse oocyte meiosis","volume":"434","author":"Feitosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev176701","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.176701","article-title":"Loss of the E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ube2i in oocytes during ovarian folliculogenesis causes infertility in mice","volume":"146","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1678-1","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lactylation","volume":"574","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.53.3-4.341","article-title":"The human imprintome: Regulatory mechanisms, methods of ascertainment, and roles in disease susceptibility","volume":"53","author":"Skaar","year":"2012","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj101","article-title":"The imprinted gene and parent-of-origin effect database now includes parental origin of de novo mutations","volume":"34","author":"Glaser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416024-8.00002-7","article-title":"Genomic imprinting is a parental effect established in mammalian germ cells","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, R., Lee, Y.K., Strogantsev, R., Jin, S., Lim, Y.C., Ng, P.Y., Lin, X.M., Chng, K., Yeo, G.S., and Ferguson-Smith, A.C. (2013). DNMT1 and AIM1 Imprinting in human placenta revealed through a genome-wide screen for allele-specific DNA methylation. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-685"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-019-9984-1","article-title":"Role of genomic imprinting in mammalian development","volume":"45","author":"Thamban","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.140077mb","article-title":"Epigenetics and imprinting in human disease","volume":"58","author":"Kalish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0143-8","article-title":"Imprinting disorders: A group of congenital disorders with overlapping patterns of molecular changes affecting imprinted loci","volume":"7","author":"Eggermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-014-0183-3","article-title":"Imprinting methylation errors in ART","volume":"13","author":"Hiura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu033","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of DNA methylation levels and imprinting disorders in children conceived by IVF\/ICSI compared with children conceived spontaneously","volume":"20","author":"Lazaraviciute","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000037","article-title":"Beckwith-Wiedemann and Russell-Silver Syndromes: From New Molecular Insights to the Comprehension of Imprinting Regulation","volume":"21","author":"Azzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.04.001","article-title":"Angelman Syndrome: Insights into Genomic Imprinting and Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes","volume":"234","author":"Mabb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.0b013e31822bead0","article-title":"Prader-Willi Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Cassidy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1086\/346031","article-title":"Association of In Vitro Fertilization with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome and Epigenetic Alterations of LIT1 and H19","volume":"72","author":"DeBaun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1086\/374824","article-title":"In Vitro Fertilization May Increase the Risk of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Related to the Abnormal Imprinting of the KCNQ1OT Gene","volume":"72","author":"Gicquel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1086\/423902","article-title":"Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome and IVF: A Case-Control Study","volume":"75","author":"Halliday","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Russo, V.E.A., Martienssen, R.A., and Riggs, A.D. (1996). Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Monograph 32."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2005.12.008","article-title":"Genomic DNA methylation: The mark and its mediators","volume":"31","author":"Klose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.22","article-title":"Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications","volume":"21","author":"Bannister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16209","article-title":"Timing is everything: The when and how of environmentally induced changes in the epigenome of animals","volume":"6","author":"Faulk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-009-9225-2","article-title":"Imprinting and epigenetic changes in the early embryo","volume":"20","author":"Weaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0427","article-title":"Dimethyl Sulfoxide Has an Impact on Epigenetic Profile in Mouse Embryoid Body","volume":"24","author":"Iwatani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00002-9","article-title":"Multidisciplinary utilization of dimethyl sulfoxide: Pharmacological, cellular, and molecular aspects","volume":"65","author":"Santos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40660-0","article-title":"DMSO induces drastic changes in human cellular processes and epigenetic landscape in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Verheijen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.09.032","article-title":"WGBS combined with RNA-seq analysis revealed that Dnmt1 affects the methylation modification and gene expression changes during mouse oocyte vitrification","volume":"177","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.03.008","article-title":"Effects of oocyte vitrification on epigenetic status in early bovine embryos","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23161","article-title":"Resveratrol improved the developmental potential of oocytes after vitrification by modifying the epigenetics","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.03.025","article-title":"Embryo vitrification affects the methylation of the H19\/Igf2 differentially methylated domain and the expression of H19 and Igf2","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1071\/RD19234","article-title":"Oocyte IVM or vitrification significantly impairs DNA methylation patterns in blastocysts as analysed by single-cell whole-genome methylation sequencing","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"138","article-title":"DNA methylation pattern in mouse oocytes and their in vitro fertilized early embryos: Effect of oocyte vitrification","volume":"2","author":"Ying","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gav013","article-title":"Chromosomal meiotic segregation, embryonic developmental kinetics and DNA (hydroxy) methylation analysis consolidate the safety of human oocyte vitrification","volume":"21","author":"Petrussa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Sci. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000448143","article-title":"Ultrastructural Changes and Methylation of Human Oocytes Vitrified at the Germinal Vesicle Stage and Matured in vitro after Thawing","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.02.029","article-title":"Vitrification at the germinal vesicle stage does not affect the methylation profile of H19 and KCNQ1OT1 imprinting centers in human oocytes subsequently matured in vitro","volume":"95","author":"Perret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02221-1","article-title":"Mouse oocyte vitrification with and without dimethyl sulfoxide: Influence on cryo-survival, development, and maternal imprinted gene expression","volume":"38","author":"Cantatore","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2014.07.006","article-title":"H19 and MEST gene expression and histone modification in blastocysts cultured from vitrified and fresh two-cell mouse embryos","volume":"29","author":"Jahangiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"110","article-title":"Interfering effects of in vitro fertilization and vitrification on expression of Gtl2 and Dlk1 in mouse blastocysts","volume":"14","author":"Movahed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.08.014","article-title":"Do frozen embryo transfers modify the epigenetic control of imprinted genes and transposable elements in newborns compared with fresh embryo transfers and natural conceptions?","volume":"116","author":"Barberet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4103\/2096-2924.281851","article-title":"Effects of Vitrification on the Imprinted Gene Snrpn in Neonatal Placental Tissue","volume":"4","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Dev. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0792-7","article-title":"Effects of vitrification and cryostorage duration on single-cell RNA-Seq profiling of vitrified-thawed human metaphase II oocytes","volume":"15","author":"Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-010-9469-5","article-title":"Effect of cryopreservation on acetylation patterns of lysine 12 of histone H4 (acH4K12) in mouse oocytes and zygotes","volume":"27","author":"Suo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"607","article-title":"The Effect of Vitrification on Expression and Histone Marks of Igf2 and Oct4 in Blastocysts Cultured from Two-Cell Mouse Embryos","volume":"19","author":"Jahangiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2016.12.002","article-title":"Effects of cryopreservation on the epigenetic profile of cells","volume":"74","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estudillo, E., Jim\u00e9nez, A., Bustamante-Nieves, P.E., Palacios-Reyes, C., Velasco, I., and L\u00f3pez-Ornelas, A. (2021). Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos and Their Molecular Changes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910864"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1071\/RD09312","article-title":"Effects of oocyte vitrification on histone modifications","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2015.09.001","article-title":"Changes in tri-methylation profile of lysines 4 and 27 of histone H3 in bovine blastocysts after cryopreservation","volume":"71","author":"Maldonado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev232","article-title":"Storage time does not modify the gene expression profile of cryopreserved human metaphase II oocytes","volume":"30","author":"Stigliani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.10.016","article-title":"Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after long-term vitrification of blastocysts among 6900 patients after their last live birth","volume":"119","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouillon, C., Leandri, R., Desch, L., Ernst, A., Bruno, C., Cerf, C., Chiron, A., Souchay, C., Burguet, A., and Jimenez, C. (2016). Does Embryo Culture Medium Influence the Health and Development of Children Born after In Vitro Fertilization?. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150857"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.14232","article-title":"Risk of genetic and epigenetic alteration in children conceived following ART: Is it time to return to nature whenever possible?","volume":"103","author":"Sciorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciorio, R., and El Hajj, N. (2022). Epigenetic Risks of Medically Assisted Reproduction. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082151"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00911-8","article-title":"What impact does oocyte vitrification have on epigenetics and gene expression?","volume":"12","author":"Barberet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.05.012","article-title":"Sperm cryopreservation: A review on current molecular cryobiology and advanced approaches","volume":"37","author":"Hezavehei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioac072","article-title":"Male fertility preservation and restoration strategies for patients undergoing gonadotoxic therapies","volume":"107","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/172767b0","article-title":"Fertilizing Capacity of Frozen Human Spermatozoa","volume":"172","author":"Bunge","year":"1953","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"331","article-title":"Comparative analysis between slow freezing and ultra-rapid freezing for human sperm cryopreservation","volume":"22","author":"Riva","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013789","article-title":"Vitrification of human ICSI\/IVF spermatozoa without cryoprotectants: New capillary technology","volume":"33","author":"Isachenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gap059","article-title":"On the possible origins of DNA damage in human spermatozoa","volume":"16","author":"Aitken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150113121054","article-title":"ROS-mediated DNA methylation pattern alterations in carcinogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.015","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)\u2013\u2013Induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in human carcinogenesis","volume":"711","author":"Ziech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2020.11.012","article-title":"Effect of sulforaphane on apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and lipids peroxidation of human sperm during cryopreservation","volume":"99","author":"Valipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00118.x","article-title":"DNA methylation in spermatozoa as a prospective marker in andrology","volume":"1","author":"Bleiziffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000323806","article-title":"Methylation Status of Imprinted Genes and Repetitive Elements in Sperm DNA from Infertile Males","volume":"5","author":"Zechner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.02.051","article-title":"Methylation defects of imprinted genes in human testicular spermatozoa","volume":"94","author":"Marques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01000.x","article-title":"Idiopathic male infertility is strongly associated with aberrant methylation of MEST and IGF2\/H19 ICR1","volume":"33","author":"Poplinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu540","article-title":"Epigenetic germline mosaicism in infertile men","volume":"24","author":"Laurentino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.06.003","article-title":"The effect of cryoprotectant agents on DNA methylation patterns and progeny development in the spermatozoa of Colossoma macropomum","volume":"245","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"124","article-title":"DNA methylation stability in fish spermatozoa upon external constraint: Impact of fish hormonal stimulation and sperm cryopreservation","volume":"87","author":"Gabory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.09.030","article-title":"Cryopreservation of rooster semen: Evidence for the epigenetic modifications of thawed sperm","volume":"142","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01839-x","article-title":"Profiling the DNA methylation patterns of imprinted genes in abnormal semen samples by next-generation bisulfite sequencing","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-020-09828-1","article-title":"The effect of cryopreservation on DNA methylation patterns of the chromosome 15q11\u2013q13 region in human spermatozoa","volume":"21","author":"Khosravizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12279","article-title":"Identification of protein changes in human spermatozoa throughout the cryopreservation process","volume":"5","author":"Bogle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12379","article-title":"Impairment of sperm DNA methylation in male infertility: A meta-analytic study","volume":"5","author":"Santi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1071\/RD21091","article-title":"Effect of freeze\u2013thawing process on lipid peroxidation, miRNAs, ion channels, apoptosis and global DNA methylation in ram spermatozoa","volume":"33","author":"Tektemur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/13\/4444\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:04:45Z","timestamp":1760126685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/13\/4444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12134444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12134444","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]}}}