{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:24:31Z","timestamp":1773750271254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Clinical Cyberpsychology","award":["950-210762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-210762"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Clinical Cyberpsychology","award":["950-231039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-231039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effectiveness of in virtuo exposure-based treatment of performance-only social anxiety disorder (SAD) has been demonstrated in several studies. However, few studies have validated virtual environments with participants suffering from generalized SAD. The goal of this study is to confirm the potential of a virtual environment in inducing anxiety in adults suffering from generalized SAD, compared to adults without SAD, when engaged in awkward social interactions. Differences between participants from two different countries were also explored. The sample consisted of 15 participants with SAD from Canada, 17 participants without SAD from Canada, 16 participants with SAD from Spain, and 21 participants without SAD from Spain. All participants were immersed in a control virtual environment and in an experimental virtual environment considered potentially anxiety-inducing for individuals with generalized SAD. As hypothesized, results showed that the experimental virtual environment induced a higher level of anxiety than the control environment among participants with SAD compared to those without SAD. The impact on anxiety of each socially threatening task performed during the experimental immersion was statistically significant. In terms of anxiety responses, no significant differences were found between participants from Canada and Spain. However, spatial presence and ecological validity were higher in Canadians than in Spaniards. Unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in virtual reality were higher in the SAD group. This study highlights the importance for therapists to engage people with SAD in clinically relevant tasks while immersed in VR psychotherapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T01:57:09Z","timestamp":1688695029000},"page":"4525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Engaging in Awkward Social Interactions in a Virtual Environment Designed for Exposure-Based Psychotherapy for People with Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder: An International Multisite Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pamela","family":"Quintana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psycho\u00e9ducation et de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psycho\u00e9ducation et de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1S 5L5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Botella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Jaume, 12006 Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Robillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psycho\u00e9ducation et de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodriguez-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Gr\u00e1fica, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Torp Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9213-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Gr\u00e1fica, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxine","family":"Berthiaume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1S 5L5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Corno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psycho\u00e9ducation et de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. 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