{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:36Z","timestamp":1787028636283,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dong-A University research fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study examined mechanisms underlying memory deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and their associations with brain structural metrics. Nineteen PD patients and twenty-two matched controls underwent two memory experiments. In Experiment 1 (delayed memory task), subjects were asked to remember an array of colored rectangles with varying memory set sizes (Low-Load (2 items), Low-Load (relevant 2 items) with Distractor (irrelevant 3 items), and High-Load (5 items)). After a 7 s delay period, they reported whether the orientation of any relevant figures had changed (test period). In Experiment 2 (working memory task), memory arrays were presented in varying set sizes (2 to 6 items) without distractors, followed by a 2 s delay period and a subsequent test period. Brain MRI data were acquired to assess structural differences (volumes and cortical thickness) in areas related to attention, working memory storage capacity, and episodic memory. Multivariate analyses of covariance revealed that, compared with controls, PD patients had lower memory capacity scores in all memory load conditions for Experiment 1 (p &lt; 0.021), whereas there were no group differences in any memory load conditions for Experiment 2 (p &gt; 0.06). In addition, PD patients had lower cortical thickness in the left superior temporal gyrus (p = 0.02), a region related to the ventral attentional system. Moreover, regression analyses revealed that lower cortical thickness values in the left superior temporal gyrus significantly predicted lower memory scores of Low-Load and Low-Load with Distractor conditions in Experiment 1 (p &lt; 0.044) and lower scores of memory load conditions of 4 and 5 items in Experiment 2 (p &lt; 0.012). These findings suggest that memory deficits in PD may partly be due to impaired attentional filtering and memory consolidation processes that may be related to superior temporal neurodegeneration. Future studies are warranted to confirm the current findings to guide the development of effective treatments for memory deficits in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:58:14Z","timestamp":1689040694000},"page":"4594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Memory Deficits in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Are Associated with Impaired Attentional Filtering and Memory Consolidation Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6334-5853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.10.3.321","article-title":"Reduced working memory span in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Evidence for the role of frontostriatal system in working and strategic memory","volume":"10","author":"Gabrieli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00146965-200312000-00001","article-title":"A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Relationship to frontostriatal circuitry","volume":"16","author":"Zgaljardic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404266776","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The role of frontostriatal circuitry","volume":"10","author":"Owen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.09.021","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A 30-month follow-up study","volume":"151","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6351","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06351.2003","article-title":"Cognitive impairments in early Parkinson\u2019s disease are accompanied by reductions in activity in frontostriatal neural circuitry","volume":"23","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00085","article-title":"A connectomic analysis of the human basal ganglia network","volume":"11","author":"Cacciola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.757","article-title":"Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"Morris","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25857","article-title":"The neurobiological basis of cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Halliday","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The complex picture","volume":"2","author":"Biundo","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000909","article-title":"Episodic memory impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Disentangling the role of encoding and retrieval","volume":"27","author":"Siquier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.11.021","article-title":"Episodic recognition memory and the hippocampus in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"113","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70493-3","article-title":"Measures of short-term memory: A historical review","volume":"43","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1956.1056815","article-title":"Human memory and the storage of information","volume":"2","author":"Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1","article-title":"Working memory","volume":"Volume 8","author":"Baddeley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2592","article-title":"Development of working memory: Should the Pascual-Leone and the Baddeley and Hitch models be merged?","volume":"77","author":"Baddeley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Baddeley, A., Hitch, G., and Allen, R. (2021). Working Memory: The State of the Science, Oxford Academic."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015031","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of working memory","volume":"66","author":"Postle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2004.12.001","article-title":"On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes","volume":"51","author":"Cowan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201","article-title":"Working memory: Looking back and looking forward","volume":"4","author":"Baddeley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.020","article-title":"Neurocognitive architecture of working memory","volume":"88","author":"Eriksson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx336","article-title":"Neural evidence for the contribution of active suppression during working memory filtering","volume":"29","author":"Vogel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01169","article-title":"The neural correlates of consciousness and attention: Two sister processes of the brain","volume":"13","author":"Nani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050","article-title":"Modelling neural correlates of working memory: A coordinate-based meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Rottschy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.12.007","article-title":"The distributed nature of working memory","volume":"21","author":"Christophel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.1\/shaber","article-title":"Corticostriatal circuitry","volume":"18","author":"Haber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-021-09480-w","article-title":"A comprehensive meta-analysis on short-term and working memory dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.4.450","article-title":"A meta-analysis of performance on simple span and more complex working memory tasks in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Siegert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq197","article-title":"Visual working memory deficits in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease are due to both reduced storage capacity and impaired ability to filter out irrelevant information","volume":"133","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.17.2.230","article-title":"Working memory in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease and early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Kensinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572037","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.572037","article-title":"Disentangling the role of working memory in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Salmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.02.007","article-title":"Feature-based information filtering in visual working memory is impaired in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0004440X","article-title":"Precis of elements of episodic memory","volume":"7","author":"Tulving","year":"1984","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23132","article-title":"Episodic memory: Neuronal codes for what, where, and when","volume":"29","author":"Sugar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20500","article-title":"Towards a functional organization of the medial temporal lobe memory system: Role of the parahippocampal and medial entorhinal cortical areas","volume":"18","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013250117","article-title":"Time cells in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex support episodic memory","volume":"117","author":"Umbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.1.96","article-title":"Stability of the preclinical episodic memory deficit in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Small","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362","article-title":"Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020\u20132060)","volume":"17","author":"Rajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.02.007","article-title":"A deep learning model for early prediction of Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia based on hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging data","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machine learning methods for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Grueso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.05.087","article-title":"Multimodal multitask deep learning model for Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression detection based on time series data","volume":"412","author":"Abuhmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26170","article-title":"Cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms in early, untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Weintraub","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000066","article-title":"Characterizing mild cognitive impairment in incident Parkinson disease: The ICICLE-PD study","volume":"82","author":"Yarnall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-021-09502-7","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease mild cognitive impairment and dementia progression","volume":"32","author":"Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0928-2","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: The patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"120","author":"Breen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27902","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical aspects of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Baiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020857","article-title":"Verbal memory in drug-naive, newly diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease. The retrieval deficit hypothesis revisited","volume":"25","author":"Alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.07.014","article-title":"Striatal contributions to declarative memory retrieval","volume":"75","author":"Scimeca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000503","article-title":"Memory impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The retrieval versus associative deficit hypothesis revisited and reconciled","volume":"33","author":"Bezdicek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25842","article-title":"The source of the memory impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Acquisition versus retrieval","volume":"29","author":"Chiaravalloti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09","article-title":"9\/Geriatric depression scale (GDS) recent evidence and development of a shorter version","volume":"5","author":"Yesavage","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Rabey, J., and Korczyn, A. (1995). Instrumental Methods and Scoring in Extrapyramidal Disorders, Springer."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.032","article-title":"A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI","volume":"22","author":"Dale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.016","article-title":"Sequence-independent segmentation of magnetic resonance images","volume":"23","author":"Fischl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01003922","article-title":"The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a021766","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021766","article-title":"Memory consolidation","volume":"7","author":"Squire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.08.012","article-title":"Accelerated forgetting and verbal memory consolidation process in idiopathic nondement Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"70","author":"Ercan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt286","article-title":"Effect of amyloid on memory and non-memory decline from preclinical to clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"137","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2024","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memory","volume":"11","author":"McNab","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.12.006","article-title":"Dopamine and cognitive control in prefrontal cortex","volume":"23","author":"Ott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901564153","article-title":"Failed suppression of direct visuomotor activation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Praamstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00351","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease. A brief and comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Gatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621603","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.621603","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral inhibition deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The hayling test as a reliable marker","volume":"12","author":"Siquier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587925","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.587925","article-title":"The Effects of Working Memory Updating Training in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Feasibility and Single-Subject Study on Cognition, Movement and Functional Brain Response","volume":"11","author":"Walton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigu\u00e8re-Rancourt, A., Plourde, M., Racine, E., Couture, M., Langlois, M., Dupr\u00e9, N., and Simard, M. (2022). Goal management training and psychoeducation\/mindfulness for treatment of executive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A feasibility pilot trial. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263108"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"100192","article-title":"Synergistic associations of depressive symptoms and aging on cognitive decline in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Hemphill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2022.01.009","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"269","author":"Austgen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.08.014","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to alleviate depression and cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review and clinical implications","volume":"393","author":"Randver","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.10.1712","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation dissociates working memory manipulation from retention functions in the prefrontal, but not posterior parietal, cortex","volume":"18","author":"Postle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117146","article-title":"Intraparietal sulcus maintains working memory representations of somatosensory categories in an adaptive, context-dependent manner","volume":"221","author":"Velenosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.10.037","article-title":"Predicting working memory capacity based on glutamatergic concentration and its modulation of functional connectivity","volume":"457","author":"Zacharopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02753-0","article-title":"Closed-loop stimulation of temporal cortex rescues functional networks and improves memory","volume":"9","author":"Ezzyat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.04.018","article-title":"Memory scrutinized through electrical brain stimulation: A review of 80 years of experiential phenomena","volume":"78","author":"Curot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107212","article-title":"Memory enhancement and deep-brain stimulation of the entorhinal area","volume":"366","author":"Suthana","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.062","article-title":"Direct electrical stimulation of the human entorhinal region and hippocampus impairs memory","volume":"92","author":"Jacobs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1728-22.2023","article-title":"Concurrent-and after-effects of medial temporal lobe stimulation on directed information flow to and from prefrontal and parietal cortices during memory formation","volume":"43","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119438","article-title":"Advances in human intracranial electroencephalography research, guidelines and good practices","volume":"260","author":"Mercier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00666-w","article-title":"Modelling and prediction of the dynamic responses of large-scale brain networks during direct electrical stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp273","article-title":"The left superior temporal gyrus is a shared substrate for auditory short-term memory and speech comprehension: Evidence from 210 patients with stroke","volume":"132","author":"Leff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118764","article-title":"Dissociating the functions of three left posterior superior temporal regions that contribute to speech perception and production","volume":"245","author":"Ekert","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3492865","article-title":"A comprehensive report on machine learning-based early detection of alzheimer\u2019s disease using multi-modal neuroimaging data","volume":"55","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1076","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging: Concepts and applications","volume":"13","author":"Mangin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4437-12.2013","article-title":"Brain microstructure reveals early abnormalities more than two years prior to clinical progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Douaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.01.006","article-title":"Predicting conversion to dementia in mild cognitive impairment by volumetric and diffusivity measurements of the hippocampus","volume":"146","author":"Fellgiebel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.01.009","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of hippocampal size and mean diffusivity in amnestic MCI","volume":"28","author":"Greverus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617716000904","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging predictors of episodic memory decline in healthy elders at genetic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Lancaster","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz286","article-title":"Cortical microstructural alterations in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"30","author":"Vogt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/14\/4594\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:10:06Z","timestamp":1760127006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/14\/4594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12144594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12144594","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]}}}