{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:38:56Z","timestamp":1793227136068,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bialystok","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB\/3\/NN\/22\/002\/3310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/3\/NN\/22\/002\/3310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A considerable number of problems begin in childhood due to lifestyle changes, which include a transition from a previous period of extensive movement to prolonged hours of staying in a sitting position at school. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of back and side view postural defects in the study group of school-aged children and identify risk factors associated with the formation of postural abnormalities in the study group. Methods: This study was conducted on a group of 141 children aged 7\u201310, attending the first to third grades at a primary school in Bia\u0142ystok (northeastern Poland). This study involved measuring the children\u2019s height and weight, assessing the children\u2019s body posture based on the FITS method (Functional Individual Scoliosis Therapy) by Bia\u0142ek and M\u2019hango (the authors of this study), and administering a diagnostic survey addressed to parents and guardians of the children (n = 104) using a self-designed questionnaire. Results: Almost all defects were more prevalent in boys, especially in the case of stature triangles (p = 0.0489) and knee alignment in the sagittal plane (p = 0.038). The age of the subjects differentiated the incidence of defects in the scapulae (p = 0.0037) and shoulder (p = 0.0129) alignment, correlating negatively with age. The risk of postural defects for knees (p = 0.0391) and abdominal arching (p = 0.0240) was significant with a higher BMI. The following lifestyle-related factors were significant: the seat for doing homework (stature triangles p = 0.0253), time spent in front of a computer (positioning of the scapulae in relation to each other p = 0.0233; vertical view of the intergluteal cleft p = 0.0324), and snacking between meals (feet p = 0.0003; shoulder positioning p = 0.0013; stature triangles p = 0.0186; positioning of the scapulae in relation to each other p = 0.0404). Conclusions: The body posture of the examined children was closed with the head pushed forward and drooped, rounded shoulders, hyperlordosis, and pelvic anteversion. Most exhibited various types of abnormalities related to the feet. The recognized risk factors for posture defects are overweight\/obesity, the male gender, children who are older, lack of an adjustable work chair, 2 h a day or more spent using the computer, and snacking between meals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T01:01:41Z","timestamp":1689123701000},"page":"4621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Analysis of the Risk Factors for Postural Defects among Early School-Aged Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Baranowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Medical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-096 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2816-8588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matylda","family":"Sierakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Medical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-096 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Owczarczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Center Armedis, 15-032 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata Janina","family":"Olejnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Age Medicine and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Lankau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Medical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-096 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Baranowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Highschool No.19 of Sports Master, 15-720 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nowotny, J., Nowotny-Czupryna, O., and Czupryna, K. (2008). Reedukacja Posturalna w Systemie Stacyjnym, Wydawnictwo Wy\u017cszej Szko\u0142y Administracji w Bielsku-Bia\u0142ej. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Plinta, R., \u0160ramka, M., and Brz\u0119k, A. (2020). Zdrowie Cz\u0142owieka w Ontogenezie\u2014Aspekty Biomedyczne i Psychospo\u0142eczne. Tom I. Aspekty Biomedyczne, \u015al\u0105ski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"168","article-title":"Profilaktyka wad postawy u dzieci i m\u0142odzie\u017cy w \u015brodowisku nauczania i wychowania\u2014Rekomendacje ekspert\u00f3w","volume":"16","author":"Kiwerski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pol. Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kwolek, A. (2013). Rehabilitacja Medyczna (Tom 2), Elsevier Urban & Partner. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"41","article-title":"Stan zdrowia dzieci i m\u0142odzie\u017cy w Polsce. Najwa\u017cniejsze problemy zdrowotne","volume":"2","author":"Woynarowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stud. BAS"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"79","article-title":"Uwarunkowania aktywno\u015bci fizycznej warszawskich dzieci pierwszych klas szko\u0142y podstawowej","volume":"94","author":"Raciborski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Probl. Hig. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60898-8","article-title":"The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health","volume":"380","author":"Kohl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mazur, J., and Ma\u0142kowska-Szkutnik, A. (2018). Zdrowie Uczni\u00f3w w 2018 Roku Na Tle Nowego Modelu Bada\u0144 HBSC, Instytut Matki i Dziecka. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2016.12754","article-title":"The effect of schoolbag weight on cervical posture in schoolchildren","volume":"1","author":"Khallaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tur. J. Phys. Med. Rehab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.7547\/1030306","article-title":"Alterations in the plantar pressure patterns of overweight and obese schoolchildren due to backpack carriage","volume":"103","author":"Pau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"687","article-title":"Czy wymagania zawarte w rozporz\u0105dzeniu w sprawie bezpiecze\u0144stwa i higieny pracy w szko\u0142ach zapobiegaj\u0105 noszeniu przez dzieci zbyt ci\u0119\u017ckich tornistr\u00f3w?","volume":"71","author":"Flajszok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Pr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e3181cbf852","article-title":"The effects of age and gender on the weight and use of schoolbags","volume":"22","author":"Kellis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118000411","article-title":"Prevention of overweight and obesity in early life","volume":"77","author":"Lanigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.18544\/PEDM-22.04.0063","article-title":"Body posture in children with obesity\u2014The relationship to physical activity (PA)","volume":"22","author":"Gwizdek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, February 03). Raport The State of the World\u2019s Children 2019: Children, Food and Nutrition. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/reports\/state-of-worlds-children-2019."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000013","article-title":"Musculoskeletal pain, fear avoidance behaviors, and functional decline in obesity: Potential interventions to manage pain and maintain function","volume":"38","author":"Vincent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brz\u0119k, A., Dworrak, T., Strauss, M., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Sabbah, I., Dworrak, B., and Leischik, R. (2017). The weight of pupils\u2019 schoolbags in early school age and its influence on body posture. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1462-z"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, January 15). BMI-for-Age (5\u201319 Years). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/growthref\/who2007_bmi_for_age\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"250","article-title":"\u201cFITS\u201d Concept Functional Individual Therapy of Scoliosis","volume":"135","author":"Bialek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"537","article-title":"Stan zdrowia dzieci 9-letnich w Katowicach","volume":"16","author":"Kolybacz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stand. Med. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"101","article-title":"Analysis of the results of screening for violations and postural deformities and flat feed in children from first to fourth grade","volume":"13","author":"Mollova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Manag. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"17","article-title":"Analysis of body segments and postural state in school children","volume":"40","author":"Kolarova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"107","article-title":"The incidence of defects posture in children from classes I to III Elementary School","volume":"3","author":"Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.21784\/IwP.2020.016","article-title":"Analiza cz\u0119sto\u015bci wyst\u0119powania oraz czynnik\u00f3w wp\u0142ywaj\u0105cych na powstanie wad postawy u dzieci w wieku szkolnym","volume":"3","author":"Kochman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inow. Piel\u0119gniarstwie Nauk."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"249","article-title":"Association between nutritional status and flat foot prevalence in Chilean children from 6 to 10 years old","volume":"33","author":"Quezada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2007.00182.x","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Poor Posture in School Children in the Czech Republic","volume":"77","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-05822013000200016","article-title":"Postural deviations of students in Southern Brazil","volume":"31","author":"Bueno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"101","article-title":"Influence of body posture on foot load distribution in young school-age childre","volume":"20","author":"Szotek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 populationbased measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390, 2627\u20132642. Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29029897."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023, February 10). National Child Measurement Programme\u2014England, 2016\u20132017. Available online: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/catalogue\/PUB30113."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1309753","article-title":"Incidence of childhood obesity in the United States","volume":"370","author":"Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12334","article-title":"Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Simmonds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brzezi\u0144ski, M., Czubek, Z., Niedzielska, A., Jankowski, M., Kobus, T., and Ossowski, Z. (2019). Relationship between lower-extremity defects and body mass among polish children: A cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2460-0"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13314","article-title":"Overweight, obesity and foot posture in children: A cross-sectional study","volume":"53","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160701520298","article-title":"Foot structure in overweight and obese children","volume":"3","author":"Moreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2873-4","article-title":"Prevalence of incorrect body posture in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity","volume":"176","author":"Kotwicki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"139","article-title":"Review of national and international research Studies in postural deformities: The period from 2000 to 2007","volume":"5","author":"Purenovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, M., Orr, R., Hing, W., Milne, N., and Pope, R. (2018). The Impact of Backpack Loads on School Children: A Critical Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112529"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"78","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw masy przybor\u00f3w szkolnych na cechy postawy cia\u0142a w p\u0142aszczy\u017anie czo\u0142owej transportowanych w trybie ci\u0105gu lew\u0105 lub praw\u0105 r\u0119k\u0105 przez 7-letnich uczni\u00f3w obojga p\u0142ci","volume":"20","author":"Mrozkowiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fizjoter. Pol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2855","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002855","article-title":"Exemplification of Movement Patterns and Their Influence on Body Posture in Younger School-Age Children on the Basis of an Authorial Program \u201cI Take Care of My Spine\u201d","volume":"95","author":"Plinta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.11.006","article-title":"Short-term effects of backpack carriage on plantar pressure and gait in schoolchildren","volume":"25","author":"Pau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463717695144","article-title":"Schoolbags and back pain in children between 8 and 13 years: A national study","volume":"11","author":"Spiteri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"275","article-title":"Analiza ci\u0119\u017caru tornistr\u00f3w w\u015br\u00f3d uczni\u00f3w nauczania pocz\u0105tkowego","volume":"4","author":"Gryc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. Przegl\u0105d Nauk. Zdrowiu"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"179","article-title":"The significance of Good Chair as part of children\u2019s school and home environment in the preventive treatment of body statistics distortions","volume":"5","author":"Mrozkowiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Sport"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094667","article-title":"Educational interventions are effective in treating childhood obesity: (PEDro synthesis)","volume":"50","author":"Nathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plasticity of health","volume":"1","author":"Leischik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ger. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2020). WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/336656\/9789240015128-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-014-0628-9","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability of selected physical activity and sedentary behaviour HBSC items in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland","volume":"60","author":"Bobakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"12","article-title":"Aktywno\u015b\u0107 fizyczna dzieci w wieku 9\u201310 a wady postawy w obr\u0119bie tu\u0142owia","volume":"58","author":"Kleszyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rozpr. Nauk. Akad. Wych. Fiz. Wroc\u0142awiu"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/14\/4621\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:10:47Z","timestamp":1760127047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/14\/4621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12144621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12144621","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]}}}