{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:28:02Z","timestamp":1784820482130,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0696"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","award":["W81XWH-21-1-0507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-1-0507"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","award":["R01 HL142702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL142702"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-21-1-0507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-1-0507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL142702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL142702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with a heterogeneous pattern of injury throughout the lung parenchyma that alters regional alveolar opening and collapse time constants. Such heterogeneity leads to atelectasis and repetitive alveolar collapse and expansion (RACE). The net effect is a progressive loss of lung volume with secondary ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Previous concepts of ARDS pathophysiology envisioned a two-compartment system: a small amount of normally aerated lung tissue in the non-dependent regions (termed \u201cbaby lung\u201d); and a collapsed and edematous tissue in dependent regions. Based on such compartmentalization, two protective ventilation strategies have been developed: (1) a \u201cprotective lung approach\u201d (PLA), designed to reduce overdistension in the remaining aerated compartment using a low tidal volume; and (2) an \u201copen lung approach\u201d (OLA), which first attempts to open the collapsed lung tissue over a short time frame (seconds or minutes) with an initial recruitment maneuver, and then stabilize newly recruited tissue using titrated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). A more recent understanding of ARDS pathophysiology identifies regional alveolar instability and collapse (i.e., hidden micro-atelectasis) in both lung compartments as a primary VILI mechanism. Based on this understanding, we propose an alternative strategy to ventilating the injured lung, which we term a \u201cstabilize lung approach\u201d (SLA). The SLA is designed to immediately stabilize the lung and reduce RACE while gradually reopening collapsed tissue over hours or days. At the core of SLA is time-controlled adaptive ventilation (TCAV), a method to adjust the parameters of the airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) modality. Since the acutely injured lung at any given airway pressure requires more time for alveolar recruitment and less time for alveolar collapse, SLA adjusts inspiratory and expiratory durations and inflation pressure levels. The TCAV method SLA reverses the open first and stabilize second OLA method by: (i) immediately stabilizing lung tissue using a very brief exhalation time (\u22640.5 s), so that alveoli simply do not have sufficient time to collapse. The exhalation duration is personalized and adaptive to individual respiratory mechanical properties (i.e., elastic recoil); and (ii) gradually recruiting collapsed lung tissue using an inflate and brake ratchet combined with an extended inspiratory duration (4\u20136 s) method. Translational animal studies, clinical statistical analysis, and case reports support the use of TCAV as an efficacious lung protective strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:58:11Z","timestamp":1689213491000},"page":"4633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["First Stabilize and then Gradually Recruit: A Paradigm Shift in Protective Mechanical Ventilation for Acute Lung Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary F.","family":"Nieman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4378-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Kaczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anesthesia, Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny L.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Auyon","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Al-Khalisy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brody School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Camporota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Critical Care, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, King\u2019s Partners, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7582-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Satalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5046-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader M.","family":"Habashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0069-0","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Matthay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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