{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:44:12Z","timestamp":1771476252966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A minority of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) develop cardiovascular complications, such as acute cardiac lesions with elevated troponins, de novo systolic heart failure, pericardial effusion and, rarely, acute myocarditis. The prevalence of COVID-19-related myocarditis ranges from 10 to 105 cases per 100,000 COVID-19-infected individuals, with a male predominance (58%) and a median age of 50 years. The etiopathogenetic mechanism is currently unclear, but may involve direct virus-mediated damage or an exaggerated immune response to the virus. Mortality is high, as fulminant myocarditis (FM) develops very often in the form of cardiogenic shock and ventricular arrhythmias. Hence, medical therapy with ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers may not always be sufficient, in which case inotropic and immunosuppressive drugs, most commonly corticosteroids, may be necessary. In this review we analyze the current data on COVID-19 myocarditis, management strategies and therapy, with a brief description of COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis to help clinicians dealing with this peculiar form of myocarditis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:56:47Z","timestamp":1689555407000},"page":"4700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Related Myocarditis: What We Know So Far"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Mistrulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Ferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melwyn Luis","family":"Muthukkattil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Barbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allegra","family":"Battistoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09783-9","article-title":"The Determinants of COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality across Countries","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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