{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:57:57Z","timestamp":1782842277097,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["3822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3822"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is associated with a common symptom of olfactory dysfunction, which may persist even after the infection is resolved. Olfactory training (OT) has emerged as the most effective intervention for post-viral olfactory dysfunction. OT involves daily exposure of the olfactory system to various odors. The current study aims to explore olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19 and the potential benefits of olfactory training. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among adults aged 18\u201360 living in Alahssa, Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire containing an informed consent form and a survey to collect demographic data, vaccination status, level of loss of smell and taste, and the level of awareness about olfactory training (OT) was distributed among all participants who agreed to participate in this study. Results: The study included 524 participants and presented their baseline characteristics, including age, gender, COVID-19 infection status, and complaints. Most patients were female (66.0%), and 46.2% had previously been infected with COVID-19. About 54.8% of participants reported chemosensory dysfunction, while 286 had olfactory dysfunction. Of those, 29.8% had anosmia, 16.8% had hyposmia, and 8.0% had parosmia. Results suggest that being fully or partially vaccinated may offer some protection against olfactory dysfunction compared to being unvaccinated. Adherence to olfactory training was associated with improvement in the sense of smell. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of awareness and adherence to olfactory training, which may improve the sense of smell in individuals with chemosensory dysfunction. The findings of this study can inform public health policies and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of olfactory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:54:01Z","timestamp":1689728041000},"page":"4761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Olfactory Dysfunction following COVID-19 and the Potential Benefits of Olfactory Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Alarfaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Surgery, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7148-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman Khalid","family":"Aldrweesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alghaydaa Fouad","family":"Aldoughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaia Mohammed","family":"Alarfaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Khalid","family":"Alabdulqader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3434-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid A.","family":"Alyahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Surgery, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/jin.jin_63_21","article-title":"Omicron: Egyptian Nurses\u2019 Knowledge and Attitudes","volume":"4","author":"Shaban","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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