{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:30:56Z","timestamp":1788345056671,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01AI150358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI150358"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["DGE-2040435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2040435"]}]},{"name":"Male Contraception Initiative","award":["R01AI150358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI150358"]}]},{"name":"Male Contraception Initiative","award":["DGE-2040435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2040435"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI150358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI150358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-2040435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2040435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While hormonal contraceptives are efficacious and available in several forms for women, perception of safety and concern over side effects are a deterrent for many. Existing non-hormonal contraceptives include permanent sterilization, copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), chemical\/physical barriers such as spermicides and condoms, as well as traditional family planning methods including withdrawal and the rhythm method. Individuals who wish to retain their fertility in the future can achieve highest adherence and efficacy with long-acting, reversible contraceptives (LARCs), though there is only one, the copper IUD, that is non-hormonal. As rates of unintended pregnancies remain high with existing contraceptive options, it is becoming increasingly attractive to develop novel pregnancy prevention methods for both women and men. Non-hormonal contraceptives can target a variety of critical reproductive processes discussed here. This review focuses on identified non-hormonal contraceptive targets and subsequent drug candidates in development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T04:27:13Z","timestamp":1689827233000},"page":"4791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Non-Hormonal Contraception"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0631-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Anne","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4738-5871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumya Rahima","family":"Benhabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.03.022","article-title":"Reproduction concepts and practices in ancient Egypt mirrored by modern medicine","volume":"123","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Birth control in antiquity","volume":"108","author":"Bujalkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"135","article-title":"Doghearted women: The origins of the counting method","volume":"46","author":"Gradvohl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Orvostorteneti Kozlemenyek"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.109976","article-title":"The story of the condom","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2015.1050716","article-title":"The condom: A turbulent history","volume":"20","author":"Amy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Infertility assisted reproduction: A historical modern scientific perspective","volume":"148","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"61","article-title":"The politics of population: Birth control and the eugenics movement","volume":"8","author":"Gordon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Radic. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.11.004","article-title":"History of oral contraceptive drugs and their use worldwide","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.11.004","article-title":"The evolution of combined oral contraception: Improving the risk-to-benefit ratio","volume":"84","author":"Burkman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.03.029","article-title":"Tubal sterilization trends in the United States","volume":"94","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"603","article-title":"Focus: Sex Reproduction: Male Contraception","volume":"93","author":"Abbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2381","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab034","article-title":"Update on Novel Hormonal and Nonhormonal Male Contraceptive Development","volume":"106","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(79)90053-2","article-title":"Pituitary and ovarian function in women receiving hormonal contraception","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.08.008","article-title":"The struggle for male hormonal contraception","volume":"25","author":"Nieschlag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70120-1","article-title":"The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices","volume":"181","author":"Rivera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2018.12.006","article-title":"Gametogenesis: A journey from inception to conception","volume":"132","author":"Larose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2741\/S383","article-title":"Oocyte Maturation A story of arrest and release","volume":"S5","author":"Sen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76106","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76106","article-title":"Female fertility and the zona pellucida","volume":"11","author":"Wassarman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spermatogenesis and cycle of the seminiferous epithelium","volume":"363","author":"Hess","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Mech. Spermatogenes."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1006\/scdb.1998.0203","article-title":"The central role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Griswold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e979623","DOI":"10.4161\/21565562.2014.979623","article-title":"Mechanisms of spermiogenesis and spermiation and how they are disturbed","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003005","article-title":"Sperm Morphology, Motility, and Concentration in Fertile and Infertile Men","volume":"345","author":"Guzick","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw015","article-title":"The human epididymis: Its function in sperm maturation","volume":"22","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi047","article-title":"Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract","volume":"12","author":"Suarez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy028","article-title":"Sperm\u2013egg interaction and fertilization: Past, present, and future","volume":"99","author":"Okabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa075","article-title":"Mechanism of semen liquefaction and its potential for a novel non-hormonal contraception","volume":"103","author":"Anamthathmakula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn029","article-title":"Control of hyperactivation in sperm","volume":"14","author":"Suarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1998.3943","article-title":"The Biological and Functional Significance of the Sperm Acrosome and Acrosomal Enzymes in Mammalian Fertilization","volume":"240","author":"Tulsiani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1071\/R96065","article-title":"Hormonal and non-hormonal agents at implantation as targets for contraception","volume":"9","author":"Nie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1152","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30315-6","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: Estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990\u20132019","volume":"8","author":"Bearak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokwena, K.E. (2021). Neglecting Maternal Depression Compromises Child Health and Development Outcomes, and Violates Children\u2019s Rights in South Africa. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8070609"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.132","article-title":"Trajectories of maternal distress and risk of child developmental delays: Findings from the All Our Families (AOF) pregnancy cohort","volume":"248","author":"Mughal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"12","article-title":"Unintended Pregnancy and Its Adverse Social and Economic Consequences on Health System: A Narrative Review Article","volume":"44","author":"Yazdkhasti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110259","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy and postpartum depression: A meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies","volume":"138","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31794-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010\u20132014: Estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model","volume":"390","author":"Ganatra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Remez, L., Sedgh, G., Kwok, L., and Onda, T. (2018). Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal Access, Guttmacher Institute.","DOI":"10.1363\/2018.29199"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13552","article-title":"Facility-based treatment for medical complications resulting from unsafe pregnancy termination in the developing world, 2012: A review of evidence from 26 countries","volume":"123","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"122","article-title":"Unsafe abortion: Unnecessary maternal mortality","volume":"2","author":"Haddad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.21392","article-title":"Contraception selection, effectiveness, and adverse effects: A review","volume":"326","author":"Teal","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). Contraceptive use by method. Data Booklet, 1\u201328."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2020.151310","article-title":"Contraceptive use among women with medical conditions: Factors that influence method choice","volume":"44","author":"Mody","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-016-0077-6","article-title":"Factors influencing contraceptive use and non-use among women of advanced reproductive age in Nigeria","volume":"36","author":"Solanke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"McCoy, J.A. (2020). The Politics of Reproductive Policy Restrictions: Family Planning Policy in the United States, University of California, Riverside."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"134","article-title":"Investigating changes in unintended pregnancies before and after the changes in the family planning policies in Iran: A multivariate decomposition analysis","volume":"33","author":"Khoramrooz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12005","article-title":"How user fees influence contraception in low and middle income countries: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Korachais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stud. Fam. Plan."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2017.1414099","article-title":"Norms and stigma around unintended pregnancy in Alabama: Associations with recent contraceptive use and dual method use among young women","volume":"58","author":"Rice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2020.08.002","article-title":"Systematic Review of Contraceptive Use Among Sex Workers in North America","volume":"49","author":"Zemlak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1363\/intsexrephea.41.4.0191","article-title":"Belief in family planning myths at the individual and community levels and modern contraceptive use in urban Africa","volume":"41","author":"Gueye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.12.010","article-title":"Factors influencing young women\u2019s decision making regarding hormonal contraceptives: A qualitative study","volume":"71","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3109\/13645706.2014.901975","article-title":"Female sterilization: Update on clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications","volume":"23","author":"Gizzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00482-9","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy","volume":"73","author":"Schwingl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S6914","article-title":"Long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of the intrauterine Copper T-380A contraceptive device","volume":"2","author":"Kaneshiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S213815","article-title":"The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception and beyond: A systematic review update","volume":"11","author":"Goldstuck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000113620.18395.0b","article-title":"Contraceptive effectiveness and safety of five nonoxynol-9 spermicides: A randomized trial","volume":"103","author":"Raymond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conx.2020.100031","article-title":"A novel vaginal pH regulator: Results from the phase 3 AMPOWER contraception clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contraception X"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2014.04.016","article-title":"Pull and pray or extra protection? Contraceptive strategies involving withdrawal among US adult women","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3109\/13625180903427675","article-title":"Efficacy of contraceptive methods: A review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Mansour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Daniels, K., and Abma, J. (2023, May 03). Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15\u201349: United States, 2015\u20132017. National Center for Health Statistics; 2018 Dec. Report No.: 327, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db327.htm#:~:text=%2C%202015%E2%80%932017.-,Current%20use%20of%20female%20sterilization%2C%20the%20pill%2C%20the%20condom%2C,on%20female%20sterilization%20for%20contraception."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2022.100767","article-title":"Male or female sterilization\u2014The decision making process: Counselling and regret","volume":"33","author":"Siemons","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9941.169952","article-title":"Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery: General vs regional anaesthesia","volume":"12","author":"Bajwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Minimal Access Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2017.11.010","article-title":"Laparoscopic Sterilization Under Local Anesthesia with Conscious Sedation Versus General Anesthesia: Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"25","author":"Huppelschoten","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"113","article-title":"Hysteroscopic sterilization: History and current methods","volume":"1","author":"Greenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"96","article-title":"Barriers to completion of desired postpartum sterilization","volume":"2013","author":"Boardman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rhode Isl. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-00912-3","article-title":"Fulfillment of Desired Postpartum Permanent Contraception: A Health Disparities Issue","volume":"29","author":"Bullington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.216","article-title":"Voluntary sterilization for childfree women: Understanding patient profiles, evaluating accessibility, examining legislation","volume":"43","author":"Richie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hastings Cent. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.08.006","article-title":"Regret following female sterilization at a young age: A systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Curtis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004692","article-title":"Risk of sterilization regret and age: An analysis of the National Survey of Family Growth, 2015\u20132019","volume":"139","author":"Danvers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parekattil, S.J., Esteves, S.C., and Agarwal, A. (2020). Male Infertility: Contemporary Clinical Approaches, Andrology, ART and Antioxidants, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32300-4"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.175091","article-title":"Vasectomy reversal: A clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2021.1879783","article-title":"Copper IUD continuation, unwanted effects and cost consequences at 1 year in users aged under 30\u2013a secondary analysis of the EURAS-IUD study","volume":"26","author":"Akintomide","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.03.005","article-title":"Continuation of copper and levonorgestrel intrauterine devices: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"217","author":"Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200296","article-title":"Higher discontinuation rate with a standard-sized compared to a small-sized \u2018gold standard\u2019 copper intrauterine device: A case-control review","volume":"45","author":"Akintomide","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2013.10.017","article-title":"The IUB, a newly invented IUD: A brief report","volume":"89","author":"Baram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.08.001","article-title":"Effect of BMI and body weight on pregnancy rates with LNG as emergency contraception: Analysis of four WHO HRP studies","volume":"95","author":"Festin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"CD005218","article-title":"Spermicide used alone for contraception","volume":"5","author":"Grimes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R19","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-21-0024","article-title":"Effects of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) on sperm functions: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-021-00321-4","article-title":"New Contraception Update\u2014Annovera, Phexxi, Slynd, and Twirla","volume":"11","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Obstet. Gynecol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.001","article-title":"Male and female condoms: Their key role in pregnancy and STI\/HIV prevention","volume":"66","author":"Beksinska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.706","article-title":"Behavioral economics and safe sex: Examining condom use decisions from a reinforcer pathology framework","volume":"116","author":"Harsin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Anal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2307\/2135759","article-title":"Efficacy of the Simultaneous Use of Condoms and Spermicides","volume":"23","author":"Kestelman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fam. Plan. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1071\/SH11095","article-title":"Condom use errors and problems: A global view","volume":"9","author":"Sanders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.003","article-title":"Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning","volume":"66","author":"Simmons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Prac. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/13625180903545302","article-title":"State-of-the-art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: IV. Natural family planning","volume":"15","author":"Freundl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2018.05.006","article-title":"Contraception values and preferences: Protocol and methods for a global systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Kennedy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"327","article-title":"Safety Study of Nonoxynol-9 as a Vaginal Microbicide: Evidence of Adverse Effects","volume":"17","author":"Stafford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11079-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"Ramjee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanphaichitr, N., Srakaew, N., Alonzi, R., Kiattiburut, W., Kongmanas, K., Zhi, R., Li, W., Baker, M., Wang, G., and Hickling, D. (2016). Potential Use of Antimicrobial Peptides as Vaginal Spermicides\/Microbicides. Pharmaceuticals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph9010013"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"685","article-title":"A pilot safety and tolerability study of a nonhormonal vaginal contraceptive ring","volume":"54","author":"Shalaby","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.12.035","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis\u2014A brief synopsis of the literature","volume":"245","author":"Coudray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.12691\/ajbr-6-2-1","article-title":"Safety Study of Three Concentrations of UniPron Vaginal Contraceptive Microbicidal Gel","volume":"6","author":"Jael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"95","article-title":"Safety studies of a recently developed microbicidal contraceptive gel (UniPron) in female baboons (Papio anubis)","volume":"13","author":"Mburu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-7844(08)60013-9","article-title":"UniPron is a fully effective non-hormonal reversible contraceptive in baboon model (Papio anubis)","volume":"19","author":"Obiero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Contracept."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-020-0099-1","article-title":"RISUG\u00ae as a male contraceptive: Journey from bench to bedside","volume":"30","author":"Khilwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Androl."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(02)00419-5","article-title":"Effect of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) on viability and integrity of isolated rat oocytes in vitro","volume":"66","author":"Chaube","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"S63","article-title":"RISUG: An intravasal injectable male contraceptive","volume":"140","author":"Lohiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S4818","article-title":"Smart RISUG: A potential new contraceptive and its magnetic field-mediated sperm interaction","volume":"4","author":"Jha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12761","article-title":"Preparing for sperm-targeted contraception: College students\u2019 perceptions and intentions related to non-hormonal intravas injectable gel","volume":"37","author":"Buck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.09.023","article-title":"Impact of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) based hydrogel on rat fallopian tube as contraceptive implant with selective antimicrobial property","volume":"94","author":"Subramanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.02.016","article-title":"Single and multiple exposure tolerance study of polystyrene sulfonate gel: A phase I safety and colposcopy study","volume":"70","author":"Mauck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2000.tb03417.x","article-title":"Evaluation of poly(styrene-4-sulfonate) as a preventive agent for conception and sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-005-2490-1","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Bioadhesive Vaginal Films of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (PSS), a Novel Contraceptive Antimicrobial Agent","volume":"22","author":"Garg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2741\/e755","article-title":"Curcumin: A novel non-steroidal contraceptive with antimicrobial properties","volume":"8","author":"Naz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Biosci.-Elite"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.21276","article-title":"Can curcumin provide an ideal contraceptive?","volume":"78","author":"Naz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, C., Krogstad, E., Chaowanachan, T., and Woodrow, K.A. (2012). Drug-Eluting Fibers for HIV-1 Inhibition and Contraception. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049792"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v10i5.4280","article-title":"A Review on Pharmacological Activities of Lupeol and its Triterpene Derivatives","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5743","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700367114","article-title":"Regulation of the sperm calcium channel CatSper by endogenous steroids and plant triterpenoids","volume":"114","author":"Mannowetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.109279.2","article-title":"Lupeol and pristimerin do not inhibit activation of the human sperm CatSper Ca (2+)-channel","volume":"11","author":"Rehfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.126958","article-title":"BET proteins: Investigating BRDT as a potential target for male contraception","volume":"30","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.045","article-title":"Small-Molecule Inhibition of BRDT for Male Contraception","volume":"150","author":"Matzuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa043","article-title":"Metabolism of JQ1, an inhibitor of bromodomain and extra terminal bromodomain proteins, in human and mouse liver microsomes","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa122","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptor antagonists for male contraception: Current status","volume":"103","author":"Kyzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50209","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50209","article-title":"HIPK4 is essential for murine spermiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Crapster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa064","article-title":"Testis-specific serine kinase protein family in male fertility and as targets for non-hormonal male contraception","volume":"103","author":"Salicioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1258\/002367702320389107","article-title":"The effect of oleanolic acid on sperm motion characteristics and fertility of male Wistar rats","volume":"36","author":"Mdhluli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.05.009","article-title":"Potent spermicidal effect of oleanolic acid 3-beta-d-glucuronide, an active principle isolated from the plant Sesbania sesban Merrill","volume":"83","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(88)90142-0","article-title":"Antifertility effect in male rats of oleanolic acid, a triterpene from Eugenia jambolana flowers","volume":"24","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1071\/RD18484","article-title":"Oleanolic acid causes reversible contraception in male mice by increasing the permeability of the germinal epithelium","volume":"31","author":"Fisher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-015-1428-3","article-title":"\u03b2-Caryophyllene as putative male contraceptive: Enhances spermatogenesis but not spermiogenesis in albino rats","volume":"24","author":"Shraideh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21517-5","article-title":"Triptonide is a reversible non-hormonal male contraceptive agent in mice and non-human primates","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160112122724","article-title":"Effective Delivery of Male Contraceptives Behind the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB)\u2014Lesson from Adjudin","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa196","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa196","article-title":"The non-hormonal male contraceptive adjudin exerts its effects via MAPs and signaling proteins mTORC1\/rpS6 and FAK-Y407","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.8.2079","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors selectively block the spontaneous resumption of meiosis by macaque oocytes in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.09.015","article-title":"Evaluation of the phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor ORG 9935 as a contraceptive in female macaques: Initial trials","volume":"81","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019rand, M.G., Hamil, K.G., Adevai, T., and Zelinski, M. (2018). Inhibition of sperm motility in male macaques with EP055, a potential non-hormonal male contraceptive. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195953"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa049","article-title":"Serine protease inhibitor disrupts sperm motility leading to reduced fertility in female mice\u2020","volume":"103","author":"Barton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00925","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Ouabain Analogues as Potent and Selective Na,K-ATPase \u03b14 Isoform Inhibitors for Male Contraception","volume":"61","author":"Syeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson, A.E., Burnett, L.A., del Camino, D., Quill, T.A., Hille, B., Chong, J.A., Moran, M.M., and Babcock, D.F. (2009). Pharmacological Targeting of Native CatSper Channels Reveals a Required Role in Maintenance of Sperm Hyperactivation. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006844"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686461","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.686461","article-title":"Pharmacological inactivation of CatSper blocks sperm fertilizing ability independently of the capacitation status of the cells: Implications for non-hormonal contraception","volume":"9","author":"Curci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gaab054","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaab054","article-title":"Soluble adenylyl cyclase inhibition prevents human sperm functions essential for fertilization","volume":"27","author":"Balbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep424","article-title":"Oral administration of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor meloxicam blocks ovulation in non-human primates when administered to simulate emergency contraception","volume":"25","author":"Hester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu083","article-title":"A prostaglandin E2 receptor antagonist prevents pregnancies during a preclinical contraceptive trial with female macaques","volume":"29","author":"Peluffo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv026","article-title":"Novel contraceptive targets to inhibit ovulation: The prostaglandin E2 pathway","volume":"21","author":"Duffy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa097","article-title":"Development of WEE2 kinase inhibitors as novel non-hormonal female contraceptives that target meiosis","volume":"103","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13363","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201903696","article-title":"Identification and Screening of Selective WEE2 Inhibitors to Develop Non-Hormonal Contraceptives that Specifically Target Meiosis","volume":"4","author":"Hanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemistryselect"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12198","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12198","article-title":"Structural and functional insights into IZUMO1 recognition by JUNO in mammalian fertilization","volume":"7","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2007.00571.x","article-title":"ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Investigation of Recombinant Mouse Sperm Protein Izumo as a Potential Immunocontraceptive Antigen","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2207805119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207805119","article-title":"Human sperm TMEM95 binds eggs and facilitates membrane fusion","volume":"119","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(01)00171-8","article-title":"The dual functions of GPI-anchored PH-20: Hyaluronidase and intracellular signaling","volume":"20","author":"Cherr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.5.1142","article-title":"Reversible contraceptive effect of PH-20 immunization in male guinea pigs","volume":"56","author":"Primakoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(01)00124-3","article-title":"Immunological response of female macaques to the PH-20 sperm protein following injection of recombinant proteins or synthesized peptides","volume":"54","author":"Deng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.11.052","article-title":"Identification and evaluation of an infertility-associated ZP3 epitope from the marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2008.10.004","article-title":"Immunocontraception of Eastern Grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) with recombinant brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) ZP3 protein","volume":"79","author":"Kitchener","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(01)00227-X","article-title":"Immune response of male baboons to testis-specific LDH-C4","volume":"64","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30506","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301713200","article-title":"SAMP14, a novel, acrosomal membrane-associated, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored member of the Ly-6\/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor superfamily with a role in sperm-egg interaction","volume":"278","author":"Shetty","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.3.735","article-title":"SAMP32, a Testis-Specific, Isoantigenic Sperm Acrosomal Membrane-Associated Protein1","volume":"66","author":"Hao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.000604","article-title":"Equatorial Segment Protein (ESP) Is a Human Alloantigen Involved in Sperm-Egg Binding and Fusion","volume":"29","author":"Wolkowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0728","article-title":"Targeted Disruption of the Akap4 Gene Causes Defects in Sperm Flagellum and Motility","volume":"248","author":"Miki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.7.2614-2622.2003","article-title":"Disruption of Mouse CD46 Causes an Accelerated Spontaneous Acrosome Reaction in Sperm","volume":"23","author":"Inoue","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2011.10.004","article-title":"Inhibition of proprotein convertase 5\/6 activity: Potential for nonhormonal women-centered contraception","volume":"85","author":"Aljofan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, H., Singh, H., Heng, S., Nero, T.L., Paule, S., Parker, M.W., Johnson, A.T., Jiao, G.-S., and Nie, G. (2013). Small Molecule Proprotein Convertase Inhibitors for Inhibition of Embryo Implantation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081380"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.26443\/msurj.v15i1.13","article-title":"Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Modulation: A Novel, Non-Hormonal Contraceptive Method","volume":"15","author":"Dolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"MSURJ"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2010.12.002","article-title":"New generation contraceptives: Interleukin 11 family cytokines as non-steroidal contraceptive targets","volume":"88","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2015","article-title":"Spermatogenesis: The Commitment to Meiosis","volume":"96","author":"Griswold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2019-200395","article-title":"Male contraception: Where are we going and where have we been?","volume":"45","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021102118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021102118","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of bromodomain 2\u2013specific inhibitors of BRDT","volume":"118","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0953","article-title":"Retinoic Acid Metabolism and Signaling Pathways in the Adult and Developing Mouse Testis","volume":"147","author":"Vernet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0464","article-title":"Adjudin, a potential male contraceptive, exerts its effects locally in the seminiferous epithelium of mammalian testes","volume":"141","author":"Mok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Yu, Y., Yan, J., Yan, L.-Y., Zhao, Y., Li, R., Liu, P., Hsueh, A.J., and Qiao, J. (2012). The Role of Cilostazol, a Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitor, on Oocyte Maturation and Subsequent Pregnancy in Mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030649"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.11.004","article-title":"Non-hormonal male contraception: A review and development of an Eppin based contraceptive","volume":"157","author":"Michael","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13203","article-title":"Juno is the egg Izumo receptor and is essential for mammalian fertilization","volume":"508","author":"Bianchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556543","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.556543","article-title":"The Enigmatic Role of Serum Glucocorticoid Inducible Kinase 1 in the Endometrium","volume":"8","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030116","article-title":"Role of antisperm antibodies in infertility, pregnancy, and potential for contraceptive and antifertility vaccine designs: Research progress and pioneering vision","volume":"7","author":"AS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42700-7","article-title":"Design and immunological properties of topographic immunogenic determinants of a protein antigen (LDH-C4) as vaccines","volume":"267","author":"Kaumaya","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12060","article-title":"Presence and Incidence of Izumo Antibodies in Sera of Immunoinfertile Women and Men","volume":"69","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-012-1428-2","article-title":"LDH-C4: A target with therapeutic potential for cancer and contraception","volume":"371","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(79)80012-8","article-title":"Peterson Contraceptive effects of intravaginal application of acrosin and hyaluronidase inhibitors in rabbit","volume":"19","author":"Joyce","year":"1979","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2476","article-title":"Vaccine for human contraception targeting sperm Izumo protein and YLP12 dodecamer peptide","volume":"23","author":"Naz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199902)52:2<216::AID-MRD13>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Expression of recombinant mouse sperm protein sp56 and assessment of its potential for use as an antigen in an immunocontraceptive vaccine","volume":"52","author":"Hardy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev. Inc. Gamete Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(93)90051-I","article-title":"Inhibition of fertility in female mice by immunization with a B-cell epitope, the synthetic sperm peptide, P10G","volume":"25","author":"Beavers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719114542009","article-title":"The Role of SPRASA in Female Fertility","volume":"22","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(95)00928-E","article-title":"Fertilization antigen (FA-1) completely blocks human sperm binding to human zona pellucida: FA-1 antigen may be a sperm receptor for zona pellucida in humans","volume":"29","author":"Kadam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20591","article-title":"Effect of fertilization antigen (FA-1) DNA vaccine on fertility of female mice","volume":"73","author":"Naz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2002.1o034.x","article-title":"Testis-Specific Antigen (TSA-1) is Expressed in Murine Sperm and its Antibodies inhibit Fertilization","volume":"47","author":"Trivedi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.5.981","article-title":"Oviductal antibody response to a defined recombinant sperm antigen in macaques","volume":"57","author":"Kurth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01030.x","article-title":"Evaluation of Contraceptive Potential of a Novel Epididymal Sperm Protein SFP2 in a Mouse Model","volume":"66","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.060","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential of synthetic peptides of 80kDa human sperm antigen (80kDaHSA) for the development of contraceptive vaccine for male","volume":"26","author":"Khobarekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-57","article-title":"Association of sperm protein 17 with A-kinase anchoring protein 3 in flagella","volume":"2","author":"Lea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep33714","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33714","article-title":"Characterization of CD46 and \u03b21 integrin dynamics during sperm acrosome reaction","volume":"6","author":"Frolikova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2014.08.006","article-title":"Role of zona pellucida glycoproteins during fertilization in humans","volume":"108","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(01)00105-X","article-title":"The contraceptive potential of ZP3 and ZP3 peptides in a primate model","volume":"53","author":"Paterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.2741\/1709","article-title":"Gene knockouts that cause female infertility: Search for novel contraceptive targets","volume":"10","author":"Rajesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103572","article-title":"The application of naked DNA plasmid (DrZP3) and recombinant adenovirus (Ad-rZP3) in rat animal model to determine comparative efficacy of ZP3-Immunocontraceptive vaccines","volume":"134","author":"Yee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/107155769500200308","article-title":"Generation and Characterization of Antibodies Against Synthetic Peptides of Porcine Zona Pellucida ZP3\u03b1","volume":"2","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13218","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13218","article-title":"Immunogenicity and contraceptive efficacy of recombinant fusion protein encompassing Sp17 spermatozoa-specific protein and GnRH: Relevance of adjuvants and microparticles based delivery to minimize number of injections","volume":"83","author":"Minhas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22743","article-title":"Novel Sperm and Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone-based Recombinant Fusion Protein: Achievement of 100% Contraceptive Efficacy by Co-immunization of Male and Female Mice","volume":"83","author":"Minhas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103325","article-title":"Evaluation of multi-epitope recombinant protein as a candidate for a contraceptive vaccine","volume":"145","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103478","article-title":"Production and characterization of a human antisperm monoclonal antibody against CD52g for topical contraception in women","volume":"69","author":"Marathe","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd5219","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd5219","article-title":"Engineering sperm-binding IgG antibodies for the development of an effective nonhormonal female contraception","volume":"13","author":"Shrestha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.06.005","article-title":"Quinacrine sterilization (QS): Time for reconsideration","volume":"92","author":"Lippes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.06.004","article-title":"Improvement of stability of polidocanol foam for nonsurgical permanent contraception","volume":"92","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.07.008","article-title":"Transcervical administration of polidocanol foam prevents pregnancy in female baboons","volume":"94","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.07.890","article-title":"Polidocanol\/doxycycline foam for nonsurgical permanent female contraception: 6 month data baboon contraception study","volume":"112","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/14\/4791\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:15:24Z","timestamp":1760127324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/14\/4791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"references-count":192,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12144791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12144791","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]}}}