{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:11:45Z","timestamp":1772723505480,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pituitary gland is either directly or indirectly impacted by SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, hypothalamic\u2013pituitary dysfunction or pituitary apoplexy can occur. This study aimed to investigate severe COVID-19 outcomes and COVID-19-related mortality in patients with underlying pituitary disease in Korea using a nationwide cohort database. The data required for this study were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of Korea. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 2020 and December 2021 were divided into the following three groups and analyzed: Group A, those who were hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection without underlying pituitary disease (n = 725,170); Group B, those who were hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection with underlying pituitary disease without exposure to systemic steroids (n = 1509); and Group C, patients with underlying pituitary disease and exposure to systemic steroids (n = 365). Differences in severe COVID-19, requirement for oxygen therapy, intensive care unit admission, application of invasive ventilation or use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and COVID-19-related deaths between groups were then analyzed. Group C had the highest rates of hospitalization after COVID-19 infection (82.2%) and mortality within 30 days of infection (6.8%). Group B had a 1.3-fold increase in severe COVID-19 outcomes compared to Group A. Group C had 1.8-fold and 1.3-fold increases in severe COVID-19 outcomes compared to Group A and Group B, respectively. Group C also had 2.34 and 3.24 times higher mortality rates within 30 days of COVID-19 infection than Group A and Group B, respectively. In conclusion, patients with pituitary disease who are receiving systemic steroids have poorer outcomes and higher mortality associated with COVID-19. Therefore, thorough COVID-19 infection control is required in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:58:38Z","timestamp":1689904718000},"page":"4799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pituitary Diseases and COVID-19 Outcomes in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9219-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeonghoon","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoung Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin 16995, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0995-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Jun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keeho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gi Hyeon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Wonju 26465, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711616","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.711616","article-title":"COVID-19: Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Manifestations","volume":"9","author":"Elrobaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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