{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:03:53Z","timestamp":1778493833899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mesonephric adenocarcinoma (MA) of the vagina is a rare tumor that arises from mesonephric remnants (Wolffian) in the female genital tract. It is a neoplasm with no significant evidence about its diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and prognosis. Methods: Systematic research of the literature was conducted in Scopus, PubMed\/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library, including observational prospective and retrospective studies, case series and case reports. We collected data regarding studies related to diagnosis and treatment options evaluating the following aspects: study design, population, treatment type, rate of surgical complications and fertility outcome. We further included a case report of laparoscopic management of MA with pictorial assays. Results: Thirteen cases of MA of the vagina are available in the literature, including our case report. The median age at diagnosis was 52 years old; the majority of patients reported vaginal bleeding as a symptom (38%); and ultrasound, followed by a magnetic resonance and CT scan were the diagnostic tools most used. In 54% of the cases, a surgical biopsy was performed, and 92% of the patients underwent upfront surgery with an open access or vaginal resection except one case fully managed by minimally invasive surgery. Most of the patients (68%) received adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy or a combination of them. The mean follow-up period was 6 years. Conclusions: Despite the rarity of this cancer and bizarre location, a minimally invasive approach seems feasible after multidisciplinary evaluation. According to the rarity of this tumor, any future case and follow-up data must be reported in the literature in order to enlarge the knowledge about it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:15:45Z","timestamp":1690161345000},"page":"4846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis of Mesonephric Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina: A Literature Review and a Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7065-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4217-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Omodei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0726-1687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, 37122 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hooman","family":"Soleymani Majd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ardighieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1543-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, ARNAS \u201cCivico\u2014Di Cristina\u2014Benfratelli\u201d, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2314-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Angioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ciravolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franco","family":"Odicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2017.11.084","article-title":"Mesonephric proliferations of the female genital tract","volume":"50","author":"Howitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_168_19","article-title":"Post hysterectomy mesonephric carcinoma: A case report and literature review","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000186","article-title":"Latest developments and techniques in gynaecological oncology surgery","volume":"27","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13867","article-title":"Cancer of the vagina: 2021 update","volume":"155","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3109\/00016345509158072","article-title":"Carcinoma of G\u00e4rtner\u2019s duct; a vaginal case","volume":"34","author":"Wahlen","year":"1955","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"313","article-title":"Case report of a Gartner\u2019s duct carcinoma of the vagina (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"89","author":"Pantucek","year":"1977","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197807)42:1<214::AID-CNCR2820420135>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Malignant mixed tumor of the vagina probably arising in mesonephric rests","volume":"42","author":"Shevchuk","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2148","article-title":"A case of mesonephric adenocarcinoma arising from the Gartner\u2019s duct cyst","volume":"74","author":"Nemoto","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"104","article-title":"A case of malignant Gartner\u2019s duct tumor presenting urinary symptoms","volume":"76","author":"Tanigawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200405000-00006","article-title":"Malignant mesonephric tumors of the female genital tract: A clinicopathologic study of 9 cases","volume":"28","author":"Prat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.07.010","article-title":"Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the vagina with a 3-year follow-up","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1438.2007.01143.x","article-title":"A case of mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the vagina with a 1-year follow-up","volume":"18","author":"Bifulco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-016-1004-x","article-title":"Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the vagina: Diagnosis and multimodal treatment of a rare tumor and analysis of worldwide experience","volume":"192","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000088","article-title":"Mesonephric carcinosarcoma involving uterine cervix and vagina: Report of 2 cases with immunohistochemical positivity For PAX2, PAX8, and GATA-3","volume":"33","author":"Roma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"126","article-title":"A tumor of the vagina not to overlook, the mesonephric adenocarcinoma: About a case report and review of literature","volume":"21","author":"Amal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"157","article-title":"Non-diethylstilbestrol exposed vaginal adenocarcinoma in young patients associated with unilateral renal agenesis: Two case reports and literature review","volume":"38","author":"Jankovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr-2018-224758","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-224758","article-title":"Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the vagina masquerading as a suburethral cyst","volume":"2018","author":"Shoeir","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27174","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027174","article-title":"Mesonephric adenocarcinomas in female genital tract: A case series","volume":"100","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Kim, H., and Kim, H.-S. (2022). Mesonephric Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina Harboring TP53 Mutation. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010119"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2020.100652","article-title":"Molecular profiling of mesonephric and mesonephric-like carcinomas of cervical, endometrial and ovarian origin","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2020.31.e71","article-title":"Feasibility of laparoscopic diaphragmatic peritonectomy during Visceral-Peritoneal Debulking (VPD) in patients with stage IIIC-IV ovarian cancer","volume":"31","author":"Tozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2020.09.002","article-title":"Laparoscopic Upper Colpectomy for VAIN III after Previous Total Hysterectomy","volume":"28","author":"Addley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-126","article-title":"Laparoscopic upper vaginectomy for post-hysterectomy high risk vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and superficially invasive vaginal carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1111\/IGC.0b013e3181a844f2","article-title":"Malignant transformation of Gartner cyst","volume":"19","author":"Bats","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2021.09.007","article-title":"Toxicit\u00e9 sexuelle induite par la radioth\u00e9rapie [Radiation-induced sexual toxicity]","volume":"25","author":"Besnard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Radiother."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/14\/4846\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:17:28Z","timestamp":1760127448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/14\/4846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12144846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12144846","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]}}}