{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:52:56Z","timestamp":1791499976550,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNIVERSITY OF MALTA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obesity and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are related through meta-inflammation and are both associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. Notwithstanding, cardiometabolic pathology is not uniform in obesity and a subset of individuals with excess adiposity exhibit a healthy metabolic profile. Whilst the incidence of cardiometabolic endpoints and transitions across different adiposity-related body composition phenotypes within several populations and across different ethnicities have been investigated, data regarding metabolic health (MetH) and body composition phenotypes in individuals with HS are lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different body composition phenotypes in individuals with HS. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 632 individuals with and without HS from a population with a high prevalence of both obesity and HS. A total of four body composition phenotypes were generated based on BMI and metabolic status (defined using either the metabolic syndrome definition or the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)): metabolically healthy overweight\/obese (MHOWOB), metabolically unhealthy overweight\/obese (MUOWOB), metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW). Results: Generally, subjects with HS exhibited a worse metabolic profile with higher levels of indices of central adiposity measures (including Visceral Adiposity Index and waist circumference), systolic blood pressure and markers of insulin resistance, as well as a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Moreover, when sub-stratified into the different body composition phenotypes, individuals with HS typically also demonstrated adverse metabolic characteristics relative to controls matched for both adiposity and metabolic health, particularly in the normal weight category and despite being classified as metabolically healthy. Being metabolically unhealthy in addition to being overweight\/obese increases an individual\u2019s risk of HS. Conclusions: Metabolic risk-assessment should be prioritized in the clinical management of individuals with HS even in those who are lean. Patients attending HS clinics provide a valuable opportunity for targeted cardiovascular risk reduction with respect to the management of both obesity and metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:15:45Z","timestamp":1690161345000},"page":"4847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Investigating Adiposity-Related Metabolic Health Phenotypes in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3705-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dillon","family":"Mintoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Mater Dei Hospital, MSD2090 Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4547-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Agius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, MSD2090 Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Fava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, MSD2090 Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7332-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai P.","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S391356","article-title":"Adalimumab, Ustekinumab, and Secukinumab in the Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Review of the Real-Life Experience","volume":"16","author":"Martora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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