{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:45:01Z","timestamp":1790862301072,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Reverse triggered breath (RTB) has been extensively described during assisted-controlled modes of ventilation. We aimed to assess whether RTB occurs during Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) and Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA) at varying depths of propofol sedation. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective crossover randomized controlled trial conducted in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a university hospital. Fourteen intubated patients for acute respiratory failure received six trials of 25 minutes randomly applying PSV and NAVA at three different propofol infusions: awake, light, and deep sedation. We assessed the occurrence of RTBs at each protocol step. The incidence level of RTBs was determined through the RTB index, which was calculated by dividing RTBs by the total number of breaths triggered and not triggered. Results: RTBs occurred during both PSV and NAVA. The RTB index was greater during PSV than during NAVA at mild (1.5 [0.0; 5.3]% vs. 0.6 [0.0; 1.1]%) and deep (5.9 [0.7; 9.0]% vs. 1.7 [0.9; 3.5]%) sedation. Conclusions: RTB occurs in patients undergoing assisted mechanical ventilation. The level of propofol sedation and the mode of ventilation may influence the incidence of RTBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T01:32:10Z","timestamp":1690248730000},"page":"4857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Reverse Triggered Breath during Pressure Support Ventilation and Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist at Increasing Propofol Infusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Longhini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Simonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4625-4367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Vaschetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3733-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Navalesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Padua Hospital, Department of Medicine\u2014DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianmaria","family":"Cammarota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1480941","article-title":"Recognizing, quantifying and managing patient-ventilator asynchrony in invasive and noninvasive ventilation","volume":"12","author":"Garofalo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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