{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:31:31Z","timestamp":1789785091580,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease of the endocardium, which leads to the appearance of vegetation on the valves, cardiac structures, or, potentially, vascular endothelium of the heart. The risk of IE can be increased more than 140 times by congenital heart disease (50\u201359% of all IE), particularly if cyanotic. An increase in mortality may result from IE in patients with a complex cardiac pathology or patients with an implanted prosthetic material, most frequently conduits in a pulmonary position. Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) infective endocarditis is a life-threatening complication representing 10% of all cases of endocarditis. Common signs of presentation are often fever and chills; redness and swelling at the pocket of the pacemaker, including the erosion and exteriorization of the device; and life-threatening sepsis. The use of intracardiac echocardiography for the diagnosis of IE is an innovative method. This may be needed, especially in older children undergoing complex cardiac surgery, when transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) failed to provide a reliable diagnosis. The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) experts\u2019 consensus statement on transvenous lead extraction recommends complete device removal and antimicrobial therapy for any device-related infection, including CIED-IE. The most detected microorganism was Staphylococcus Aureus. In addition, cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology associated with the placement of prostheses or conduits may increase the risk of IE up to 1.6% for Melody valve implantation. Our manuscript presents a comprehensive review of infective endocarditis associated with cardiac devices and prostheses in the pediatric population, including recent advances in diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12154941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T02:08:00Z","timestamp":1690510080000},"page":"4941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Infective Endocarditis among Pediatric Patients with Prosthetic Valves and Cardiac Devices: A Review and Update of Recent Emerging Diagnostic and Management Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9960-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Dardari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Electrophysiology and Cardiac Pacing Lab., Clinical Emergency Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3239-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Cinteza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Cardiology Compartment, Marie Sklodowska Curie Children Emergency Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4684-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina Maria","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology Department, M3C National Reference Centre, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33600 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6170-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Padovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, FHU PRECICARE, 44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7163-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Vatasescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Electrophysiology and Cardiac Pacing Lab., Clinical Emergency Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12425","article-title":"Trends, Microbiology, and Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis in Children during 2000\u20132010 in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Congenit. 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