{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:50:49Z","timestamp":1784155849750,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The reproductive tract microbiota that evolved as an integrative component has been studied intensively in the last decade. As a result, novel research, clinical opportunities, and perspectives have been derived following the close investigation of this microecological environment. This has paved the way for an update to and improvement of the management strategies and therapeutic approaches. However, obscurities, contradictions, and controversies arise regarding the ascension route from the vagina to the endometrium via the cervix, with finality in adverse obstetric outcomes. Methods: Starting from these considerations, we aimed to gather all existing data and information from four major academic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) published in the last 13 years (2010\u20132023) using a controlled vocabulary and dedicated terminology to enhance the coverage, identification, and sorting of potentially eligible studies. Results: Despite the high number of returned entries (n = 804), only a slight percentage (2.73%) of all manuscripts were deemed eligible following two rounds of evaluation. Cumulatively, a low level of Lactobacillus spp. and of other core microbiota members is mandatory, with a possible eubiosis-to-dysbiosis transition leading to an impairment of metabolic and endocrine network homeostasis. This transposes into a change in the pro-inflammatory landscape and activation of signaling pathways due to activity exerted by the bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs)\/endotoxins that further reflect a high risk of miscarriage in various stages. While the presence of some pathogenic entities may be suggestive of an adverse obstetric predisposition, there are still pros and cons of the role of specific strains, as only the vagina and cervix have been targeted as opposed to the endometrium, which recently started to be viewed as the key player in the vagina\u2013cervix\u2013endometrium route. Consequently, based on an individual\u2019s profile, diet, and regime, antibiotics and probiotics might be practical or not. Conclusions: Resident bacteria have a dual facet and are beneficial for women\u2019s health, but, at the same time, relaying on the abundance, richness, and evenness that are definitory indexes standing as intermediaries of a miscarriage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1690975037000},"page":"5069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Narrative Review Discussing the Obstetric Repercussions Due to Alterations of Personalized Bacterial Sites Developed within the Vagina, Cervix, and Endometrium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6618-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Doroftei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u201cCuza Voda\u201d, Cuza Voda Street No. 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street No. 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4023-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu-Dumitru","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street No. 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Armeanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u201cCuza Voda\u201d, Cuza Voda Street No. 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street No. 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina-Liviana","family":"Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4987-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona-Geanina","family":"Babici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Ilea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u201cCuza Voda\u201d, Cuza Voda Street No. 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Integrative HMP (iHMP) Research Network Consortium (2019). The Integrative Human Microbiome Project. Nature, 569, 641\u2013648.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1238-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.096651.109","article-title":"The NIH Human Microbiome Project","volume":"19","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31823ea228","article-title":"The Microbiota of the Vagina and Its Influence on Women\u2019s Health and Disease","volume":"343","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van de Wijgert, J.H.H.M., Borgdorff, H., Verhelst, R., Crucitti, T., Francis, S., Verstraelen, H., and Jespers, V. (2014). The Vaginal Microbiota: What Have We Learned after a Decade of Molecular Characterization?. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105998"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182","article-title":"The human microbiome: At the interface of health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.06.001","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw184","article-title":"The Vaginal Microbiome: Current Understanding and Future Directions","volume":"214","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1905606","article-title":"Sneathia: An emerging pathogen in female reproductive disease and adverse perinatal outcomes","volume":"47","author":"Theis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So, K.A., Yang, E.J., Kim, N.R., Hong, S.R., Lee, J.-H., Hwang, C.-S., Shim, S.-H., Lee, S.J., and Kim, T.J. (2020). Changes of vaginal microbiota during cervical carcinogenesis in women with human papillomavirus infection. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238705"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.019","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"224","author":"Ravel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350ra102","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aag1026","article-title":"Relationship between vaginal microbial dysbiosis, inflammation, and pregnancy outcomes in cervical cerclage","volume":"8","author":"Kindinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Gajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drell, T., Lillsaar, T., Tummeleht, L., Simm, J., Aasp\u00f5llu, A., V\u00e4in, E., Saarma, I., Salumets, A., Donders, G.G.G., and Metsis, M. (2013). Characterization of the Vaginal Micro- and Mycobiome in Asymptomatic Reproductive-Age Estonian Women. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054379"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15972","article-title":"The association between vaginal bacterial composition and miscarriage: A nested case\u2013control study","volume":"127","author":"Bobdiwala","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.04.005","article-title":"Intricacies of assessing the human microbiome in epidemiologic studies","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528113666140330201056","article-title":"Reciprocity in microbiome and immune system interactions and its implications in disease and health","volume":"13","author":"Nikoopour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.07.008","article-title":"Women and Their Microbes: The Unexpected Friendship","volume":"26","author":"Younes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.03.004","article-title":"A pathobiont of the microbiota balances host colonization and intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.10.012","article-title":"Reproductive tract microbiome in assisted reproductive technologies","volume":"104","author":"Franasiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.102036","article-title":"Microbiome affecting reproductive outcome in ARTs","volume":"50","author":"Tsonis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-606X.22.04915-6","article-title":"The role of microbiota in female fertility and infertility","volume":"74","author":"Muzii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00901-0","article-title":"The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.11.043","article-title":"Colonization of the upper genital tract by vaginal bacterial species in nonpregnant women","volume":"212","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.075","article-title":"Evidence that the endometrial microbiota has an effect on implantation success or failure","volume":"215","author":"Moreno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.10.021","article-title":"Introduction: Microbiome in human reproduction","volume":"104","author":"Franasiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.05.034","article-title":"Endometrial microbiota-new player in town","volume":"108","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toson, B., Simon, C., and Moreno, I. (2022). The Endometrial Microbiome and Its Impact on Human Conception. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010485"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.11.1089","article-title":"Ecological dynamics of the vaginal microbiome in relation to health and disease","volume":"220","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01083-2","article-title":"Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota","volume":"7","author":"France","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Souza, S.V., Monteiro, P.B., Moura, G.A., Santos, N.O., Fontanezi, C.T.B., Gomes, I.A., and Teixeira, C.A. (2023). Vaginal microbioma and the presence of Lactobacillus spp. as interferences in female fertility: A review system. JBRA Assist. Reprod., Online ahead of print."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocomazzi, G., De Stefani, S., Del Pup, L., Palini, S., Buccheri, M., Primiterra, M., Sciannam\u00e8, N., Faioli, R., Maglione, A., and Baldini, G.M. (2023). The Impact of the Female Genital Microbiota on the Outcome of Assisted Reproduction Treatments. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061443"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819958","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.819958","article-title":"Healthy Vaginal Microbiota and Influence of Probiotics Across the Female Life Span","volume":"13","author":"Lehtoranta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959793","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.959793","article-title":"Vaginal microecological characteristics of women in different physiological and pathological period","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0112","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome: Considerations for reproductive health","volume":"17","author":"Chopra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919728","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.919728","article-title":"Host and Microbiome Interplay Shapes the Vaginal Microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01162","article-title":"Geography, Ethnicity or Subsistence-Specific Variations in Human Microbiome Composition and Diversity","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.076","article-title":"Can endometrial infection\/inflammation explain implantation failure, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth after in vitro fertilization?","volume":"82","author":"Romero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07790-9","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome of pregnant women is less rich and diverse, with lower prevalence of Mollicutes, compared to non-pregnant women","volume":"7","author":"Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8988","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08988","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome during pregnancy and the postpartum period in a European population","volume":"5","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard, K., Riehle, K., Ma, J., Segata, N., Mistretta, T.-A., Coarfa, C., Raza, S., Rosenbaum, S., Van den Veyver, I., and Milosavljevic, A. (2012). A Metagenomic Approach to Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiome Signature in Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036466"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu231","article-title":"Human \u03b1-amylase Present in Lower-Genital-Tract Mucosal Fluid Processes Glycogen to Support Vaginal Colonization by Lactobacillus","volume":"210","author":"Spear","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1237332","article-title":"The vaginal mycobiome: A contemporary perspective on fungi in women\u2019s health and diseases","volume":"8","author":"Bradford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.09.037","article-title":"Maternal microbiome and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00467","article-title":"Determinants of Vaginal Microbiota Composition","volume":"10","author":"Moosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.06.014","article-title":"The reproductive microbiome\u2014Clinical practice recommendations for fertility specialists","volume":"41","author":"Budding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00045.2019","article-title":"Role for the mammalian female reproductive tract microbiome in pregnancy outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Heil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3467(07)60142-6","article-title":"Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Grau, I., Perez-Villaroya, D., Bau, D., Gonzalez-Monfort, M., Vilella, F., Moreno, I., and Simon, C. (2019). Taxonomical and Functional Assessment of the Endometrial Microbiota in A Context of Recurrent Reproductive Failure: A Case Report. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040205"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2018.289306","article-title":"Systematic Comparison of Bacterial Colonization of Endometrial Tissue and Fluid Samples in Recurrent Miscarriage Patients: Implications for Future Endometrial Microbiome Studies","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"3307","article-title":"Alteration of vaginal microbiota in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriage","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2021.1904851","article-title":"Alteration of vaginal microbiota in patients with recurrent miscarriage","volume":"42","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00462-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00462-22","article-title":"An Altered Microbiota in the Lower and Upper Female Reproductive Tract of Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion","volume":"10","author":"Shuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103634","article-title":"Uterine microbiota plasticity during the menstrual cycle: Differences between healthy controls and patients with recurrent miscarriage or implantation failure","volume":"151","author":"Vomstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2022.2033183","article-title":"Derangements of vaginal and cervical canal microbiota determined with real-time PCR in women with recurrent miscarriages","volume":"42","author":"Yurtcu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1764959","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiota Diversity of Patients with Embryonic Miscarriage by Using 16S rDNA High-Throughput Sequencing","volume":"2020","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Genom."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101669","article-title":"Association between vaginal microbiota and risk of early pregnancy miscarriage","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, L., Castro, I., Arroyo, R., Alba, C., Beltr\u00e1n, D., and Rodr\u00edguez, J.M. (2021). Application of Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 to Achieve Term Pregnancies in Women with Repetitive Abortion or Infertility of Unknown Origin by Microbiological and Immunological Modulation of the Vaginal Ecosystem. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010162"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23558","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023558","article-title":"The alteration and potential relationship of vaginal microbiota and chemokines for unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"99","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12105","article-title":"Analysis of endometrial microbiota by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing among infertile patients: A single-center pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Kyono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103653","article-title":"Uterine endometrium microbiota and pregnancy outcome in women with recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"152","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Virtanen, S., Saqib, S., Kanerva, T., Nieminen, P., Kalliala, I., and Salonen, A. (2023, May 30). Metagenome-validated Parallel Amplicon Sequencing and Text Mining-based Annotations for Simultaneous Profiling of Bacteria and Fungi: Vaginal Microbiome and Mycobiota in Healthy Women. Available online: https:\/\/assets.researchsquare.com\/files\/rs-321778\/v1\/6c64918d-8904-429f-81da-c72b17a8e7e4.pdf?c=1631879415."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.06.008","article-title":"Female reproductive tract microbiota and recurrent pregnancy loss: A nested case-control study","volume":"45","author":"Holster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-4115","article-title":"Systematic analysis of microbiota in pregnant Chinese women and its association with miscarriage","volume":"10","author":"Guang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14410","article-title":"The association between vaginal microbiota disorders and early missed abortion: A prospective study","volume":"101","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.103944","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiome in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"157","author":"Mori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.05.108","article-title":"Ureaplasma parvum alters the immune tolerogenic state in placental tissue and could cause miscarriage","volume":"116","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680643","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.680643","article-title":"Characterization of Vaginal Microbiota in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion That Can Be Modified by Drug Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435089","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5435089","article-title":"High Prevalence of Leptotrichia amnionii, Atopobium vaginae, Sneathia sanguinegens, and Factor 1 Microbes and Association of Spontaneous Abortion among Korean Women","volume":"2017","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0203921","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02039-21","article-title":"Vaginal Atopobium is Associated with Spontaneous Abortion in the First Trimester: A Prospective Cohort Study in China","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grewal, K., Lee, Y.S., Smith, A., Brosens, J.J., Bourne, T., Al-Memar, M., Kundu, S., MacIntyre, D.A., and Bennett, P.R. (2022). Chromosomally normal miscarriage is associated with vaginal dysbiosis and local inflammation. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02227-7"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.03.001","article-title":"Higher prevalence of colonization with Gardnerella vaginalis and gram-negative anaerobes in patients with recurrent miscarriage and elevated peripheral natural killer cells","volume":"120","author":"Kuon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-017-0992-6","article-title":"A role for the endometrial microbiome in dysfunctional menstrual bleeding","volume":"111","author":"Pelzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2020.07.001","article-title":"Use of a vaginal probiotic suppository and antibiotics to influence the composition of the endometrial microbiota","volume":"20","author":"Kadogami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy044","article-title":"Conventional and modern markers of endometrial receptivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Craciunas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoaa060","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoaa060","article-title":"Endometrial thickness on the day of the LH surge: An effective predictor of pregnancy outcomes after modified natural cycle-frozen blastocyst transfer","volume":"2020","author":"Onogi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09857-z","article-title":"Influence of Pregnancy History on the Vaginal Microbiome of Pregnant Women in their First Trimester","volume":"7","author":"Nasioudis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01878-4","article-title":"Controlled ovarian stimulation and progesterone supplementation affect vaginal and endometrial microbiota in IVF cycles: A pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Carosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1602","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1602","article-title":"Characterisation of the human uterine microbiome in non-pregnant women through deep sequencing of the V1-2 region of the 16S rRNA gene","volume":"4","author":"Verstraelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01630-7","article-title":"Does dysbiotic endometrium affect blastocyst implantation in IVF patients?","volume":"36","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-015-0614-z","article-title":"Endometrial microbiome at the time of embryo transfer: Next-generation sequencing of the 16S ribosomal subunit","volume":"33","author":"Franasiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: Microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.05.015","article-title":"Endometrial microbiota in infertile women with and without chronic endometritis as diagnosed using a quantitative and reference range-based method","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12438","article-title":"Chronic Endometritis: Potential Cause of Infertility and Obstetric and Neonatal Complications","volume":"75","author":"Kitaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12719","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12719","article-title":"Live birth rate following oral antibiotic treatment for chronic endometritis in infertile women with repeated implantation failure","volume":"78","author":"Kitaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.05.016","article-title":"Higher prevalence of chronic endometritis in women with endometriosis: A possible etiopathogenetic link","volume":"108","author":"Cicinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12782","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12782","article-title":"Chronic endometritis in patients with unexplained infertility: Prevalence and effects of antibiotic treatment on spontaneous conception","volume":"79","author":"Cicinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"237ra65","article-title":"The placenta harbors a unique microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02886","article-title":"The Unique Microbiome and Innate Immunity During Pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Mei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00593-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00593-20","article-title":"Daily Vaginal Microbiota Fluctuations Associated with Natural Hormonal Cycle, Contraceptives, Diet, and Exercise","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00551","article-title":"Crosstalk Between Female Gonadal Hormones and Vaginal Microbiota Across Various Phases of Women\u2019s Gynecological Lifecycle","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1581","article-title":"Barcoded sequencing reveals diverse intrauterine microbiomes in patients suffering with endometrial polyps","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.02.029","article-title":"The uterine microbiome in recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"109","author":"Churchill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac094","article-title":"The healthy female microbiome across body sites: Effect of hormonal contraceptives and the menstrual cycle","volume":"37","author":"Krog","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101200","article-title":"Reproductive outcomes and reproductive tract microbiota shift in women with moderate-to-severe intrauterine adhesions following 30-day post-hysteroscopic placement of balloon stents or intrauterine contraceptive devices: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0132422","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01324-22","article-title":"Mycobiome Dysbiosis in Women with Intrauterine Adhesions","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00181","article-title":"The Vaginal Microenvironment: The Physiologic Role of Lactobacilli","volume":"5","author":"Amabebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00057","article-title":"Benefits and Inputs from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Bacteriocins as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters During Food-Animal Production","volume":"10","author":"Belguesmia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leoni, C., Ceci, O., Manzari, C., Fosso, B., Volpicella, M., Ferrari, A., Fiorella, P., Pesole, G., Cicinelli, E., and Ceci, L.R. (2019). Human Endometrial Microbiota at Term of Normal Pregnancies. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10120971"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13652","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13652","article-title":"Microbiological composition of follicular fluid in patients undergoing IVF and its association with infertility","volume":"89","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.10.001","article-title":"Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of Japanese women","volume":"54","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15675","article-title":"Effects of oral probiotic supplements on vaginal microbiota during pregnancy: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with microbiome analysis","volume":"127","author":"Husain","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2007.00516.x","article-title":"Uterine Cervical Inflammatory Cytokines, Interleukin-6 and -8, as Predictors of Miscarriage in Recurrent Cases","volume":"58","author":"Hattori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813730","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women with Bleeding in Early Pregnancy","volume":"380","author":"Coomarasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31208","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31208","article-title":"Non-absorbable apple procyanidins prevent obesity associated with gut microbial and metabolomic changes","volume":"6","author":"Masumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01140.x","article-title":"Prevotella intermedia induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in human periodontal ligament cells","volume":"283","author":"Guan","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01748.x","article-title":"Prevotella intermedia upregulates MMP-1 and MMP-8 expression in human periodontal ligament cells","volume":"299","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.86","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiome dysbiosis is associated with proteome changes related to alterations of the cervicovaginal mucosal barrier","volume":"9","author":"Borgdorff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682054","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/682054","article-title":"Mechanisms linking red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"2015","author":"Mozos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2008.08.006","article-title":"Iron metabolism in the anemia of chronic disease","volume":"1790","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200007000-00008","article-title":"Anaerobic bacterial extracts influence production of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors by human dental pulp cells","volume":"26","author":"Nakata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.11.046","article-title":"How low is too low? Cycle day 28 estradiol levels and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"105","author":"Melnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60300-8","article-title":"Early risk factors for miscarriage: A prospective cohort study in pregnant women","volume":"17","author":"Arck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00199-3","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbiota and metabolites modulate cytokine network imbalances in women with unexplained miscarriage","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00142-y","article-title":"Systematic analysis of gut microbiota in pregnant women and its correlations with individual heterogeneity","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01184-w","article-title":"Endometrial microbiota composition is associated with reproductive outcome in infertile patients","volume":"10","author":"Moreno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00350","article-title":"Structural Variations of Vaginal and Endometrial Microbiota: Hints on Female Infertility","volume":"10","author":"Riganelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01624-1","article-title":"Bacteria in the transfer catheter tip influence the live-birth rate after in vitro fertilization","volume":"74","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-007-9146-5","article-title":"Examination of bacterial contamination at the time of embryo transfer, and its impact on the IVF\/pregnancy outcome","volume":"24","author":"Selman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0223-9","article-title":"The interaction between vaginal microbiota, cervical length, and vaginal progesterone treatment for preterm birth risk","volume":"5","author":"Kindinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13049","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13049","article-title":"Inflammasome activation during spontaneous preterm labor with intra-amniotic infection or sterile intra-amniotic inflammation","volume":"80","author":"Romero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15299","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome in early pregnancy and subsequent risk of spontaneous preterm birth: A case-control study","volume":"126","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117698583","article-title":"Properties of Epithelial Cells and Vaginal Secretions in Pregnant Women when Lactobacillus crispatus or Lactobacillus iners Dominate the Vaginal Microbiome","volume":"25","author":"Leizer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.08.009","article-title":"The composition of the vaginal microbiome in first trimester pregnant women influences the level of autophagy and stress in vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"123","author":"Nasioudis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.08.015","article-title":"Assessing endometrial receptivity after recurrent implantation failure: A prospective controlled cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Saxtorph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2021.07.018","article-title":"Dynamics of the urinary microbiome in pregnancy and the coincidental predictive value of the microbiota for IVF\/IVF-ICSI outcome","volume":"43","author":"Koedooder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02688-6","article-title":"Therapeutic intervention based on gene sequencing analysis of microbial 16S ribosomal RNA of the intrauterine microbiome improves pregnancy outcomes in IVF patients: A prospective cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Iwami","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103782","article-title":"The endometrial microbiota profile influenced pregnancy outcomes in patients with repeated implantation failure: A retrospective study","volume":"155","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748447","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.748447","article-title":"Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.05.045","article-title":"Characterization of the vaginal and endometrial microbiome in patients with chronic endometritis","volume":"263","author":"Lozano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.007","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners: Friend or Foe?","volume":"25","author":"Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campisciano, G., Iebba, V., Zito, G., Luppi, S., Martinelli, M., Fischer, L., De Seta, F., Basile, G., Ricci, G., and Comar, M. (2020). Lactobacillus iners and gasseri, Prevotella bivia and HPV Belong to the Microbiological Signature Negatively Affecting Human Reproduction. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010039"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15178","article-title":"Reproductive outcome of patients undergoing in vitro fertilisation treatment and diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis or abnormal vaginal microbiota: A systematic PRISMA review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Haahr","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.005","article-title":"Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome","volume":"21","author":"Leitich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24516-8","article-title":"Translocation of vaginal microbiota is involved in impairment and protection of uterine health","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00378","article-title":"The Interplay Between Reproductive Tract Microbiota and Immunological System in Human Reproduction","volume":"11","author":"Ambrosino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02823","article-title":"Immunological Role of the Maternal Uterine Microbiome in Pregnancy: Pregnancies Pathologies and Alterated Microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Bardos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy012","article-title":"How uterine microbiota might be responsible for a receptive, fertile endometrium","volume":"24","author":"Benner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiroda, M., and Manning, S.D. (2020). Lactobacillus strains vary in their ability to interact with human endometrial stromal cells. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238993"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080995","article-title":"Evidence for immune cell involvement in decidual spiral arteriole remodeling in early human pregnancy","volume":"174","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev098","article-title":"First do no harm: Uterine natural killer (NK) cells in assisted reproduction","volume":"30","author":"Moffett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10127.x","article-title":"Induced abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy and risk of miscarriage","volume":"105","author":"Parazzini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.07.002","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and spontaneous abortion: A case\u2013control study performed in Mexico","volume":"170","author":"May","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1135","article-title":"Display of Complete Life Cycle of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 in Cultured Placental Trophoblasts","volume":"290","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.08.020","article-title":"Infection, replication, and cytopathology of human papillomavirus type 31 in trophoblasts","volume":"316","author":"You","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem404","article-title":"Placental infection with human papillomavirus is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"23","author":"Gomez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1993.tb00587.x","article-title":"Murine Trophoblast Failure and Spontaneous Abortion","volume":"29","author":"Clark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.011","article-title":"Lactobacillus salivarius CECT 5713, a potential probiotic strain isolated from infant feces and breast milk of a mother\u2013child pair","volume":"112","author":"Olivares","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.001","article-title":"The role of lactic acid production by probiotic Lactobacillus species in vaginal health","volume":"168","author":"Tachedjian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00164","article-title":"Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"6","author":"Aldunate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon, D.E., Come, R.A., and Moench, T.R. (2019). Vaginal pH measured in vivo: Lactobacilli determine pH and lactic acid concentration. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1388-8"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, V., C\u00e1rdenas, N., Oca\u00f1a, S., Mar\u00edn, M., Arroyo, R., Beltr\u00e1n, D., Badiola, C., Fern\u00e1ndez, L., and Rodr\u00edguez, J.M. (2019). Rectal and Vaginal Eradication of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) in Pregnant Women by Using Lactobacillus salivarius CECT 9145, A Target-specific Probiotic Strain. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040810"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.9.1809","article-title":"Origins of vaginal acidity: High D\/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source","volume":"16","author":"Boskey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon, D.E., Moench, T.R., and Cone, R.A. (2011). In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide. BMC Infect. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-200"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon, D.E., Moench, T.R., and Cone, R.A. (2013). Vaginal pH and microbicidal lactic acid when lactobacilli dominate the microbiota. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080074"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-011-0077-0","article-title":"Synergistic effect between two bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances produced by Lactobacilli Strains with inhibitory activity for Streptococcus agalactiae","volume":"64","author":"Gerbaldo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt156","article-title":"Vaginal concentrations of lactic acid potently inactivate HIV","volume":"68","author":"Aldunate","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00055-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00055-18","article-title":"Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Lactic Acid in Human Cervicovaginal Fluid","volume":"3","author":"Tyssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.05.009","article-title":"In vitro modulation of probiotic bacteria on the biofilm of Candida glabrata","volume":"34","author":"Chew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7527-3","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacilli inhibit early stages of Candida albicans biofilm development by reducing their growth, cell adhesion, and filamentation","volume":"100","author":"Matsubara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12772","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 exhibit strong antifungal effects against vulvovaginal candidiasis-causing Candida glabrata isolates","volume":"118","author":"Chew","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.02.014","article-title":"In vitro investigation on probiotic, anti-Candida, and antibiofilm properties of Lactobacillus pentosus strain LAP1","volume":"89","author":"Aarti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"30484","article-title":"Characterisation of probiotic properties in human vaginal lactobacilli strains","volume":"27","author":"Lapp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas, N., Mart\u00edn, V., Arroyo, R., L\u00f3pez, M., Carrera, M., Badiola, C., Jim\u00e9nez, E., and Rodr\u00edguez, J.M. (2019). Prevention of Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in Children Through the Use of Lactobacillus salivarius PS7, a Target-Specific Probiotic Strain. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020376"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.1985-1989.1998","article-title":"Adherence of human vaginal lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells and interaction with uropathogens","volume":"66","author":"Boris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogado Pascottini, O., Spricigo, J.F.W., Van Schyndel, S.J., Mion, B., Rousseau, J., Weese, J.S., and LeBlanc, S.J. (2021). Effects of parity, blood progesterone, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment on the dynamics of the uterine microbiota of healthy postpartum dairy cows. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233943"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1071\/RD14219","article-title":"Increased mRNA expression of selected pro-inflammatory factors in inflamed bovine endometrium in vivo as well as in endometrial epithelial cells exposed to Bacillus pumilus in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Peter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Huttenhower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon, D.E., Lanier, B.R., Moench, T.R., and Cone, R.A. (2010). Cervicovaginal fluid and semen block the microbicidal activity of hydrogen peroxide produced by vaginal lactobacilli. BMC Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-120"},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"27799","article-title":"Changes in vaginal microbiota following antimicrobial and probiotic therapy","volume":"26","author":"Macklaim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"261","article-title":"Characterization of indigenous vaginal lactobacilli from healthy women as probiotic candidates","volume":"11","author":"Vaneechoutte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol. Off. J. Spanish Soc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01439-13","article-title":"Comparative functional genomics of Lactobacillus spp. reveals possible mechanisms for specialization of vaginal lactobacilli to their environment","volume":"196","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7063","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02385-16","article-title":"Genomic Comparisons of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners Reveal Potential Ecological Drivers of Community Composition in the Vagina","volume":"82","author":"France","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000086107","article-title":"At the crossroads of vaginal health and disease, the genome sequence of Lactobacillus iners AB-1","volume":"108","author":"Macklaim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.09.003","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners, the unusual suspect","volume":"168","author":"Vaneechoutte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgdorff, H., Armstrong, S.D., Tytgat, H.L.P., Xia, D., Ndayisaba, G.F., Wastling, J.M., and van de Wijgert, J.H.H.M. (2016). Unique Insights in the Cervicovaginal Lactobacillus iners and L. crispatus Proteomes and Their Associations with Microbiota Dysbiosis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150767"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05136","article-title":"Characterisation of the vaginal Lactobacillus microbiota associated with preterm delivery","volume":"4","author":"Petricevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"421","article-title":"Lactobacillus crispatus as biomarker of the healthy vaginal tract","volume":"74","author":"Lepargneur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02181","article-title":"Common Cervicovaginal Microbial Supernatants Alter Cervical Epithelial Function: Mechanisms by Which Lactobacillus crispatus Contributes to Cervical Health","volume":"9","author":"Anton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.02.002","article-title":"How to control self-digestion: Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation of autophagy","volume":"25","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan, S., Liu, C., Mitchell, C.M., Fiedler, T.L., Thomas, K.K., Agnew, K.J., Marrazzo, J.M., and Fredricks, D.N. (2010). Temporal variability of human vaginal bacteria and relationship with bacterial vaginosis. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010197"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079734","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6079734","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners Is Associated with Vaginal Dysbiosis in Healthy Pregnant Women: A Preliminary Study","volume":"2019","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1925-1928.2003","article-title":"BVBlue test for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"41","author":"Myziuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1155\/S1064744903000036","article-title":"Leukocyte esterase activity in vaginal fluid of pregnant and non-pregnant women with vaginitis\/vaginosis and in controls","volume":"11","author":"Novikova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.00123","article-title":"Synovial Fluid Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043802","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Bacteria Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"353","author":"Fredricks","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.02.036","article-title":"Variation in vaginal immune parameters and microbial hydrolytic enzymes in bacterial vaginosis positive pregnant women with and without Mobiluncus species","volume":"195","author":"Culhane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw030","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw030","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis and Pregnancy Outcome in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Afolabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"392","article-title":"Association between Ureaplasma urealyticum endocervical infection and spontaneous abortion","volume":"6","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106766","article-title":"The Preterm Prediction Study: Prediction of preterm premature rupture of membranes through clinical findings and ancillary testing","volume":"183","author":"Mercer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(16)61155-6","article-title":"Role of microbial flora in female genital tract: A comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"Dasari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1086\/342103","article-title":"Indications for therapy and treatment recommendations for bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant and pregnant women: A synthesis of data","volume":"35","author":"Koumans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1086\/503780","article-title":"High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence","volume":"193","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1086\/506621","article-title":"The association of Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis with bacterial vaginosis and recurrence after oral metronidazole therapy","volume":"194","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Backer, E., Verhelst, R., Verstraelen, H., Claeys, G., Verschraegen, G., Temmerman, M., and Vaneechoutte, M. (2006). Antibiotic susceptibility of Atopobium vaginae. BMC Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-51"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2010.512004","article-title":"Probiotic strategies for the treatment and prevention of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"11","author":"MacPhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sfakianoudis, K., Simopoulou, M., Nikas, Y., Rapani, A., Nitsos, N., Pierouli, K., Pappas, A., Pantou, A., Markomichali, C., and Koutsilieris, M. (2018). Efficient treatment of chronic endometritis through a novel approach of intrauterine antibiotic infusion: A case series. BMC Womens. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0688-8"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.04977.x","article-title":"The aetiology of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"110","author":"Turovskiy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9","article-title":"Nonspecific vaginitis: Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations","volume":"74","author":"Amsel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200402000-00008","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and miscarriage","volume":"17","author":"Hay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2000.1204","article-title":"Choriodecidual inflammatory syndrome (CoDIS) is the leading, and under recognised, cause of early preterm delivery and second trimester miscarriage","volume":"56","author":"Sebire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2008). Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med., 148, 214\u2013219.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-3-200802050-00007"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv041","article-title":"The role of infection in miscarriage","volume":"22","author":"Giakoumelou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.04.018","article-title":"No. 211-Screening and Management of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Yudin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. JOGC J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02237.x","article-title":"Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"116","author":"Donders","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103349","article-title":"Identification of distinct seminal plasma cytokine profiles associated with male age and lifestyle characteristics in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"147","author":"Lashley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13492","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for abnormal vaginal flora and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes in a rural district in north-east Bangladesh","volume":"98","author":"Baqui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonneton, M., Huynh, B.-T., Seck, A., Bercion, R., Sarr, F.D., Delarocque-Astagneau, E., and Vray, M. (2021). Bacterial vaginosis and other infections in pregnant women in Senegal. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06767-4"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert, J.A., John, S., Sobel, J.D., and Akins, R.A. (2013). Longitudinal analysis of vaginal microbiome dynamics in women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis: Recognition of the conversion process. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082599"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01387-15","article-title":"Association between Obesity and Cervical Microflora Dominated by Lactobacillus iners in Korean Women","volume":"53","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, B.C., McAndrew, T., Chen, Z., Harari, A., Barris, D.M., Viswanathan, S., Rodriguez, A.C., Castle, P., Herrero, R., and Schiffman, M. (2012). The cervical microbiome over 7 years and a comparison of methodologies for its characterization. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040425"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.12","article-title":"Differences in the composition of vaginal microbial communities found in healthy Caucasian and black women","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17610","article-title":"OC08.06: *Association of vaginal microbiota composition and outcomes in women found to have a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) on an initial early pregnancy ultrasound scan","volume":"50","author":"Bobdiwala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.031","article-title":"Human Gut-Derived Commensal Bacteria Suppress CNS Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease","volume":"20","author":"Mangalam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(09)71296-1","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Evidence for a dual anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective role","volume":"287","author":"Liblau","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.01.035","article-title":"First trimester bacterial vaginosis, individual microorganism levels, and risk of second trimester pregnancy loss among urban women","volume":"88","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639665","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.639665","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiota and Cytokine Levels Predict Preterm Delivery in Asian Women","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361822","article-title":"Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16782","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota composition of women undergoing assisted reproduction: A prospective cohort study","volume":"128","author":"Karaer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-016-0985-x","article-title":"Identifying metabolite markers for preterm birth in cervicovaginal fluid by magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"12","author":"Amabebe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz027","article-title":"Gardnerella and vaginal health: The truth is out there","volume":"44","author":"Rosca","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01261-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01261-20","article-title":"Predominance of Atopobium vaginae at Midtrimester: A Potential Indicator of Preterm Birth Risk in a Nigerian Cohort","volume":"6","author":"Odogwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth","volume":"25","author":"Fettweis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00201","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome Signature Is Associated with Spontaneous Preterm Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Maver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521921","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/521921","article-title":"Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A fresh look","volume":"2010","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.06.001","article-title":"Complex species and strain ecology of the vaginal microbiome from pregnancy to postpartum and association with preterm birth","volume":"2","author":"Pace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-18","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota of pregnant women who subsequently have spontaneous preterm labor and delivery and those with a normal delivery at term","volume":"2","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09285-9","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiota and local immune response modulate the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"10","author":"Elovitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.06.016","article-title":"Association of the vaginal microbiota with pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women after cervical cerclage","volume":"41","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15600","article-title":"Prospective observational study of vaginal microbiota pre- and post-rescue cervical cerclage","volume":"126","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.11.020","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes following elective abdominal cerclage following cervical excision surgery for neoplastic disease","volume":"256","author":"Garry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vomstein, K., Egerup, P., Kolte, A.M., Behrendt-M\u00f8ller, I., Boje, A.D., Bertelsen, M.-L., Eiken, C.S., Reiersen, M.R., Toth, B., and la Cour Freiesleben, N. (2023). Biopsy-free profiling of the uterine immune system in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and unexplained infertility. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 103207. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2023.03.018"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.11.028","article-title":"Investigation of the microbiota of the reproductive tract in women undergoing a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy","volume":"107","author":"Miles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.02.012","article-title":"The diagnosis of chronic endometritis in infertile asymptomatic women: A comparative study of histology, microbial cultures, hysteroscopy, and molecular microbiology","volume":"218","author":"Moreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2017.01.004","article-title":"Characterizing the endometrial microbiome by analyzing the ultra-low bacteria from embryo transfer catheter tips in IVF cycles: Next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of the 16S ribosomal gene","volume":"3","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Microbiome J."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.031","article-title":"The first glimpse of the endometrial microbiota in early pregnancy","volume":"222","author":"Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1908.08016","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiota Profiles of Native Korean Women and Associations with High-Risk Pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46173-0","article-title":"Does the endometrial cavity have a molecular microbial signature?","volume":"9","author":"Winters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719113488838","article-title":"Diversity of the vaginal microbiome correlates with preterm birth","volume":"21","author":"Hyman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.06.003","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota associated with preterm delivery","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother. Off. J. Japan Soc. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034","article-title":"A specific bacterial DNA signature in the vagina of Australian women in midpregnancy predicts high risk of spontaneous preterm birth (the Predict1000 study)","volume":"224","author":"Payne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2018.12.005","article-title":"Establishment of vaginal microbiota composition in early pregnancy and its association with subsequent preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes","volume":"207","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100156","article-title":"Delivery Mode Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota","volume":"1","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/15\/5069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:24:05Z","timestamp":1760127845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/15\/5069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"references-count":248,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12155069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12155069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}}}