{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:13:01Z","timestamp":1778544781052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]],"date-time":"2023-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Helicobacter pylori infection has been associated with an increased risk of thyroid diseases (TDs), although scientific evidence is conflicting. In the present study the relationship between TDs, including both autoimmune (AI) and non-autoimmune TD, and H. pylori infection was investigated. Methods: Data from records of patients undergoing upper endoscopy and histologically evaluated for H. pylori infection were retrieved. In addition to demographic information, the features of gastritis based on non-targeted biopsies collected from the antrum, angulus, and corpus were analyzed. The presence of H. pylori infection and atrophy and\/or metaplasia and\/or dysplasia in at least one gastric specimen was defined as a long-lasting H. pylori infection and the presence of a chronic\u2013active gastritis as a current infection. Hashimoto\u2019s and Graves\u2019 diseases were included in the AITD group, and thyroid nodules, goiter, iatrogenic thyroid hypo\/hyper function, and thyroidectomy in the non-autoimmune TD group. Results: A total of 8322 records from adult patients from Northern Sardinia, characterized by a similar genetic background, was analyzed. Participants were aged 18\u201393 years (females 5339, 64.1%), and more specifically, 562 (6.7%) had a diagnosis of AITD and 448 (5.4%) of non-autoimmune TD. A significant association between long-lasting H. pylori and AITD (OR 1.34; 95%CI 1.13\u20131.60) was found, irrespective of age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status, while it was not associated with non-autoimmune TD. Current H. pylori infection did not show significant ORs for AITD (OR 0.99; 95%CI 0.64\u20131.57) and non-autoimmune TD (OR 0.86; 95%CI 0.66\u20131.15). The association with long-lasting H. pylori infection was confirmed to be significant for both Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 disease by multivariable regression analysis. Stratification according to sex revealed a significant association only for females (OR 1.39; 95%CI 1.12\u20131.72). Conclusions. Our results indicate that long-lasting H. pylori infection is associated with AITD in the female adult population of Northern Sardinia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]],"date-time":"2023-08-06T10:01:53Z","timestamp":1691316113000},"page":"5150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in the Female Sex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7305-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pina","family":"Dore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fanciulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Manca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Mario","family":"Pes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Sardinia Blue Zone Longevity Observatory, 08040 Santa Maria Navarrese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moodley, Y., Linz, B., Bond, R.P., Nieuwoudt, M., Soodyall, H., Schlebusch, C.M., Bernhoft, S., Hale, J., Suerbaum, S., and Mugisha, L. 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