{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:07:39Z","timestamp":1790222859816,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CMRPG 2I0131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 2I0131"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of myopia treatment in children using atropine 0.125% once every two nights (QON) compared with atropine 0.125% once every night (HS). (2) Methods: This retrospective cohort study reviewed the medical records of two groups of children with myopia. Group 1 comprised children treated with atropine 0.125% QON, while group 2 included children treated with atropine 0.125% HS. The first 6 months of data of outcome measurements were subtracted as washout periods in those children undergoing both atropine QON and HS treatment. The independent t-test and Pearson\u2019s chi-square test were used to compare the baseline clinical characteristics between the two groups. A generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was used to determine the factors that influence treatment effects. (3) Results: The average baseline ages of group 1 (38 eyes from 19 patients) and group 2 (130 eyes from 65 patients) were 10.6 and 10.2 years, respectively. There were no significant differences in axial length (AL) or cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SEq) at baseline or changes of them after 16.9 months of follow-up. GEE showed that the frequency of atropine 0.125% use has no association with annual AL (QON vs. HS: 0.16 \u00b1 0.10 vs. 0.18 \u00b1 0.12) and SEq (QON vs. HS: \u22120.29 \u00b1 0.44 vs. \u22120.34 \u00b1 0.36) changes in all children with myopia. It also showed that older baseline age (B = \u22120.020, p &lt; 0.001) was associated with lesser AL elongation. (4) Conclusion: The treatment effects of atropine 0.125% HS and QON were similar in this pilot study. The use of atropine 0.125% QON may be an alternative strategy for children who cannot tolerate the side effects of atropine 0.125% HS. This observation should be confirmed with further large-scale studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T10:52:40Z","timestamp":1691664760000},"page":"5220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Treatment of Myopia with Atropine 0.125% Once Every Night Compared with Atropine 0.125% Every Other Night: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zi-Rong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Chieh","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Yao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan-Hsin","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1117-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lung-Kun","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Kai","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3859-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ing-Chou","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih-Shiou","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen Branch, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7963-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Fu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan"},{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307724","article-title":"Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of childhood myopia, a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis: Implications for aetiology and early prevention","volume":"100","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312149","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors in Colombia: MIOPUR study","volume":"102","author":"Galvis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI\u2014Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25980","article-title":"IMI\u2014Myopia Control Reports Overview and Introduction","volume":"60","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000505","article-title":"Axial Elongation in Myopic Children and its Association with Myopia Progression in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial","volume":"44","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M132","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25955","article-title":"IMI\u2014Clinical Myopia Control Trials and Instrumentation Report","volume":"60","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M184","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25977","article-title":"IMI\u2014Clinical Management Guidelines Report","volume":"60","author":"Gifford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101448","article-title":"Estimation of ocular axial length with optometric parameters is not accurate","volume":"45","author":"Galvis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cont. Lens Anterior. Eye"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M106","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958","article-title":"IMI\u2014Interventions Myopia Institute: Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression Report","volume":"60","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.020","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: Changes after stopping atropine 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5%","volume":"157","author":"Chia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.12.011","article-title":"Two-Year Clinical Trial of the Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: Phase 2 Report","volume":"127","author":"Yam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919154","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4919154","article-title":"Peripheral Refraction in Myopic Children with and without Atropine Usage","volume":"2020","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Yen, M.Y., Liu, J.H., Kao, S.C., and Shiao, C.H. (1989). Comparison of the effect of atropine and cyclopentolate on myopia. Ann. Ophthalmol., 21."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.05.014","article-title":"Atropine dose to treat myopia","volume":"119","author":"Galvis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01356-x","article-title":"Part-time use of 1% atropine eye drops for prevention of myopia progression in children","volume":"40","author":"Foo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.39365","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of 1% Atropine on Retardation of Moderate Myopia Progression in Chinese School Children","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01631-4","article-title":"Higher HbA1c may reduce axial length elongation in myopic children: A comparison cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000499","article-title":"A Review of Current Concepts of the Etiology and Treatment of Myopia","volume":"44","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96414-4","article-title":"Evaluation of axial length to identify the effects of monocular 0.125% atropine treatment for pediatric anisometropia","volume":"11","author":"Kao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1786590","article-title":"Tutorial on Biostatistics: Longitudinal Analysis of Correlated Continuous Eye Data","volume":"28","author":"Ying","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, Y.K., Chen, Y.T., Chen, H.M., Wu, P.C., Sun, C.C., Yeung, L., Lin, K.K., Chen, H.C., Chuang, L.H., and Lai, C.C. (2022). Efficacy of Myopia Control and Distribution of Corneal Epithelial Thickness in Children Treated with Orthokeratology Assessed Using Optical Coherence Tomography. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020278"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0542-8","article-title":"Correlation between pigmented arc and epithelial thickness (COPE) study in orthokeratology-treated patients using OCT measurements","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.02.004","article-title":"Correlation of corneal pigmented arc with wide epithelial thickness map in orthokeratology-treated children using optical coherence tomography measurements","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cont. Lens Anterior. Eye"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.031","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: Safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2)","volume":"119","author":"Chia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000097","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of myopic anisometropia with 1% atropine: A pilot study","volume":"90","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2017.0144","article-title":"A Review of Myopia Control with Atropine","volume":"34","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.6","article-title":"IMI Prevention of Myopia and Its Progression","volume":"62","author":"Jonas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_110_18","article-title":"Short-term refractive and ocular parameter changes after topical atropine","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5650","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14716","article-title":"Analysis of Changes in Refraction and Biometry of Atropine- and Placebo-Treated Eyes","volume":"56","author":"Kumaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.004","article-title":"Five-Year Clinical Trial on Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2: Myopia Control with Atropine 0.01% Eyedrops","volume":"123","author":"Chia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182357f79","article-title":"Myopia progression rates in urban children wearing single-vision spectacles","volume":"89","author":"Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.7.977","article-title":"Relationship of age, sex, and ethnicity with myopia progression and axial elongation in the correction of myopia evaluation trial","volume":"123","author":"Hyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01689-6","article-title":"The progression of refractive error in school-age children: Shunyi district, China","volume":"134","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/01658100701486459","article-title":"Factors associated with high myopia after 7 years of follow-up in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) Cohort","volume":"14","author":"Gwiazda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200010000-00009","article-title":"Factors related to the progression of myopia in Singaporean children","volume":"77","author":"Saw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15474","article-title":"Time Outdoors and Myopia Progression Over 2 Years in Chinese Children: The Anyang Childhood Eye Study","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/16\/5220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:30:48Z","timestamp":1760128248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/16\/5220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12165220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12165220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]}}}