{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:21:28Z","timestamp":1791955288949,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HORIZON-HLTH-2021-CORONA-01 CoVICIS","award":["101046041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101046041"]}]},{"name":"HORIZON-HLTH-2021-CORONA-01 CoVICIS","award":["2021-4490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-4490"]}]},{"name":"Bando Cariplo Networking ricerca e formazione post-COVID","award":["101046041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101046041"]}]},{"name":"Bando Cariplo Networking ricerca e formazione post-COVID","award":["2021-4490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-4490"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the advent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, an increased incidence of several endocrinological anomalies in acute-phase and\/or long-term complications has been described. The aim of this review is to provide a broad overview of the available literature regarding changes in the worldwide epidemiology of endocrinological involvement in children since December 2019 and to report the evidence supporting its association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although little is known regarding the involvement of endocrine organs during COVID-19 in children, the current evidence in adults and epidemiological studies on the pediatric population suggest the presence of a causal association between the virus and endocrinopathies. Untreated transient thyroid dysfunction, sick euthyroid syndrome, nonthyroidal illness syndrome, and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis and central precocious puberty have been observed in children in acute infection and\/or during multisystem inflammatory syndrome development. Furthermore, a higher frequency of ketoacidosis at onset in children with a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes is reported in the literature. Although the direct association between COVID-19 and endocrinological involvement has not been confirmed yet, data on the development of different endocrinopathies in children, both during acute infection and as a result of its long-term complications, have been reported. This information is of primary importance to guide the management of patients with previous or current COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T12:10:30Z","timestamp":1691755830000},"page":"5248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Endocrinological Involvement in Children and Adolescents Affected by COVID-19: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica Maria","family":"Tagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Biuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Taranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-5810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enza","family":"D\u2019Auria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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