{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:12:10Z","timestamp":1789765930094,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the increasing recognition of cardiac involvement in systemic sarcoidosis, the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) remains challenging. Our aim is to present a comprehensive, retrospective case series of CS patients, focusing on the current diagnostic guidelines and management of this life-threatening condition. In our case series, patient data were collected retrospectively, including hospital admission records and rheumatology and cardiology clinic visit notes, detailing demographic, clinical, laboratory, pathology, and imaging studies, as well as cardiac devices and prescribed medications. Cases were divided into definite and probable CS based on the 2014 Heart Rhythm Society guidelines as well as presumed CS based on imaging criteria and clinical findings. Overall, 19 CS patients were included, 17 of whom were diagnosed with probable or presumed CS based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and\/or cardiac positron emission tomography using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-FDG) without supporting endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). The majority of CS patients were male (53%), with a mean age of 52.9 \u00b1 11.8, with CS being the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis in 63% of cases. Most patients presented with high-grade AVB (63%), followed by heart failure (42%) and ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) (26%). This case series highlights the significance of utilizing updated diagnostic criteria relying on CMR and PET-FDG given that cardiac involvement can be the initial manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:40:31Z","timestamp":1692009631000},"page":"5278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real-Life Utilization of Criteria Guidelines for Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis (CS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tal","family":"Gazitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"},{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195-6428, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3540-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadi","family":"Kharouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Feld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nizar","family":"Hijazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adi","family":"Kibari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"},{"name":"Internal Medicine B, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Fuks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmond","family":"Sabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagit","family":"Peleg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabea","family":"Asleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0523-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devy","family":"Zisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.58.6.1204","article-title":"Cardiac sarcoid: A clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis","volume":"58","author":"Silverman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70115-8","article-title":"Histologic diagnostic rate of cardiac sarcoidosis: Evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies","volume":"138","author":"Uemura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. 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