{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T03:55:43Z","timestamp":1782532543632,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"},{"name":"La Sapienza\u2014University of Rome"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Bronchial carcinoid (BC) tumors represent between 1% and 5% of all lung cancers and about 20\u201330% of carcinoid tumors; they are classified into two groups: typical and atypical bronchial carcinoids. The aim of the present study was to review the results of endoscopic treatments as an alternative to surgical treatment in selected patients. Materials and methods: The present study was a retrospective and multicentric study, in which all data were reviewed for patients with BC in the central airways, referred to the Thoracic Surgery Units of Luigi Vanvitelli University of Naples and Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital in Rome between October 2012 and December 2022 Overall, 35 patients, 13 of whom were female, were included in the study (median age, 53 years; range, 29\u201375 years). All patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy combined with flexible bronchoscopy. Tumor clearance was mostly performed by use of Argon Plasma Coagulation or Thulep Laser, mechanical debridement and excision with the use of forceps and aspirator through the working channel of the 8.5 mm-sized rigid bronchoscope. There were no complications during the treatment. Results: Endobronchial treatment provided complete tumor eradication in all patients; two patients had controlled bleeding complications; however, bleeding was well controlled without patient desaturation, and only one patient died of renal failure during the follow-up period. We found two recurrences in the left and right main bronchus, in patients with atypical carcinoma during fiberoptic bronchoscopy follow-up. Only one patient died of renal failure. At the first analysis, there were no significant differences between the patients receiving endobronchial treatment and patients receiving surgical treatment in the present study (p-value &gt; 0.05\u2014it means statistically insignificant). Conclusions: Endobronchial treatment is a valid and effective alternative for patients with BC unsuitable for surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T10:09:33Z","timestamp":1692180573000},"page":"5337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Advances in Endoscopic Management of Endobronchial Carcinoid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gaetana","family":"Messina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8203-6562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Pica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Vicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Bove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Mirra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Panini D\u2019Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Conzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tecla","family":"Posta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Giorgiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Vicidomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Capaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Unit of Endoscopy and Respiratory Pathophysiology, \u201cMaria Santissima Addolorata\u201d Hospital, 84025 Eboli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Peritore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza\u2014Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00189 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Teodonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza\u2014Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00189 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Andreetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza\u2014Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00189 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erino","family":"Rendina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza\u2014Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00189 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Fiorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnz004","article-title":"Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Neoplasms","volume":"41","author":"Hofland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. 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