{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:15:43Z","timestamp":1791814543503,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K09702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K09702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes visual impairment in individuals who are &gt;50 years of age. However, no study has investigated AMD when using ultra-wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (UWF SS-OCT). We aimed to evaluate central and peripheral choroidal thicknesses using UWF SS-OCT, and to compare these across the AMD subtypes. We included 75 eyes of patients with typical AMD (tAMD), 56 with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), 29 with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV), and 12 with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). To compare choroidal thicknesses in the central and peripheral choroids, we established subfields of &lt;3 mm, &lt;9 mm, and 9\u201318 mm from the fovea. PNV patients were significantly younger than those with tAMD (p = 0.01). The choroidal thicknesses of PNV were significantly greater than that of tAMD in all subfields (p &lt; 0.01), and choroidal thickness significantly correlated with age and axial length in all subfields (p &lt; 0.05). Even after adjusting for age and axial length, the choroidal thickness in PNV was significantly greater than that in tAMD (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the ratio of the posterior &lt;9 mm to a peripheral 9\u201318 mm choroidal thickness in PNV was significantly greater than that in tAMD (p &lt; 0.01). A thickened choroid in PNV was more pronounced in the posterior choroid than in the periphery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T09:13:44Z","timestamp":1692350024000},"page":"5364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Differences in Central and Peripheral Choroidal Thickness among the Subtypes of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in an Asian Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7935-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoji","family":"Notomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satomi","family":"Shiose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawako","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohta","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keijiro","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Hisatomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, 1-1-1 Zokumyouin, Chikushino 818-8502, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koh-Hei","family":"Sonoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.12.013","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in 4 racial\/ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.004","article-title":"Comparison of exudative age-related macular degeneration subtypes in Japanese and French Patients: Multicenter diagnosis with multimodal imaging","volume":"158","author":"Coscas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0225-x","article-title":"Asian age-related macular degeneration: From basic science research perspective","volume":"33","author":"Yanagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-020-00740-5","article-title":"Pachychoroid disease: A new perspective on exudative maculopathy","volume":"64","author":"Yanagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"111","article-title":"Pachychoroid diseases of the macula","volume":"3","author":"Mrejen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypothesis Discov. Innov. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.08.016","article-title":"Pachychoroid Geographic Atrophy: Clinical and Genetic Characteristics","volume":"2","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000331","article-title":"Pachychoroid neovasculopathy","volume":"35","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001689","article-title":"Disease expression in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration varies with choroidal thickness","volume":"38","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.05.013","article-title":"Dilatation of Asymmetric Vortex Vein in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Hiroe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66858-1","article-title":"Quantitative analyses of diameter and running pattern of choroidal vessels in central serous chorioretinopathy by en face images","volume":"10","author":"Shiihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100973","article-title":"Venous overload choroidopathy: A hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders","volume":"86","author":"Spaide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.019","article-title":"Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: Definition, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"125","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13114","article-title":"Understanding aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy): A lesson in the taxonomy of \u2018expanded spectra\u2019\u2014A review","volume":"46","author":"Dansingani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01404-6","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Natural history","volume":"133","author":"Uyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003485","article-title":"Regional scleral thickness as a risk factor for central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"42","author":"Spaide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05687-6","article-title":"A new insight into pachychoroid diseases: Remodeling of choroidal vasculature","volume":"260","author":"Kishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23389-1","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of choroidal vasculature in central serous chorioretinopathy using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.002183","article-title":"Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"11","author":"Choma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"146","author":"Spaide","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.04.011","article-title":"Widefield Choroidal Thickness of Eyes with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Examined by Swept-Source OCT","volume":"6","author":"Ishikura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05905-1","article-title":"Choroidal morphologic features in central serous chorioretinopathy using ultra-widefield optical coherence tomography","volume":"261","author":"Funatsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.07.011","article-title":"Scleral Thickness in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Imanaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08666-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and pachychoroid incidence in Japanese patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10351","article-title":"Reproducibility of subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements with enhanced depth imaging by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.952828","article-title":"Effects of sex and age on the normal retinal and choroidal structures on optical coherence tomography","volume":"40","author":"Ooto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.2.34","article-title":"Choroidal Thickness and Its Association With Age, Axial Length, and Refractive Error in Chinese Adults","volume":"63","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.042","article-title":"Baseline predictors for one-year visual outcomes with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ying","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.03.045","article-title":"Five-Year Outcomes with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials","volume":"123","author":"Maguire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01236-x","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Aflibercept Treat-and-Extend Regimens in Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: 52- and 96-Week Findings from ALTAIR: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"37","author":"Ohji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/2474126417733161","article-title":"Choroidal angioarchitecture according to ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"1","author":"Yamane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. VitreoRetin. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.03.024","article-title":"Vortex Vein Anastomosis at the Watershed in Pachychoroid Spectrum Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000086","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"34","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33936-z","article-title":"Pachychoroid neovasculopathy has clinical properties that differ from conventional neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Kuranami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05380-0","article-title":"Morphological differences of choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy determined by ultra-widefield optical coherence tomography","volume":"260","author":"Izumi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003478","article-title":"Peripheral choroidal thickness determined by wide-field optical coherence tomography in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"42","author":"Nishihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003685","article-title":"Normal peripheral choroidal thickness measured by widefield optical coherence tomography","volume":"43","author":"Funatsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24296","article-title":"Regional Differences of Choroidal Structure Determined by Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"60","author":"Kakiuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304000","article-title":"Topographic variation of choroidal and retinal thicknesses at the macula in healthy adults","volume":"98","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802212115","article-title":"CFH and VIPR2 as susceptibility loci in choroidal thickness and pachychoroid disease central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"115","author":"Hosoda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.10.034","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Reveals 2 New Loci Implying Shared Genetic Components with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"130","author":"Akiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.020","article-title":"Common variants in the complement factor H gene confer genetic susceptibility to central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"121","author":"Miki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.026","article-title":"Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy is associated with genetic variants implicated in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"122","author":"Breukink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308594","article-title":"Diurnal variations in luminal and stromal areas of choroid in normal eyes","volume":"101","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16179","article-title":"Peripapillary choroidal thickness variation with age and race in normal eyes","volume":"56","author":"Rhodes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25407","article-title":"Factors Influencing Optical Coherence Tomography Peripapillary Choroidal Thickness: A Multicenter Study","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashiro, K., Yanagi, Y., Koizumi, H., Matsumoto, H., Cheung, C.M.G., Gomi, F., Iida, T., and Tsujikawa, A. (2022). Relationship between Pachychoroid and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154614"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/16\/5364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:36:25Z","timestamp":1760128585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/16\/5364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12165364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12165364","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]}}}