{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:12:49Z","timestamp":1790413969405,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Level of Evidence: Level 2. Purpose: To compare the safety and efficacy of vascular plug (VP) and vascular plug and polidocanol foam (VPPF) treatments for embolization in pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS). Materials and methods: A comparative, prospective, two-center study enrolled 50 women with PCS from January 2019 to January 2020. The patients were divided into two groups, and embolization was performed with VP (n = 25) and VPPF (n = 25) treatments. The mean age of the patients was 45.6 years \u00b1 6.9. Three clinical parameters were assessed: abdominal pain, dyspareunia, and lower limb pain. The primary outcome (clinical success at 1 yr using a VAS), number of devices, procedure and fluoroscopy times, radiation doses, costs, and complications were compared. The participants were followed-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results: At the 1-year follow-up, clinical success did not significantly differ between the two groups (VP vs. VPPF) regarding the improvement of the symptoms analyzed (pelvic pain, dyspareunia, lower extremity pain, and other symptoms (p &lt; 0.05)). The mean number of devices per case was 4 \u00b1 1.1 for the VP group and 2 \u00b1 0.31 for the VPPF group (p &lt; 0.001). No major complications were recorded in either group. The VPPF group had a significantly longer fluoroscopy time (42.8 min \u00b1 14.2 vs. 25.4 min \u00b1 7) and longer radiation dose (VPPF air kerma 839.4 \u00b1 513 vs. VP air kerma 658.4 mGy \u00b1 355 (all p &lt; 0.001)). Conclusions: Embolization for PCS resulted in pain relief in 90% of patients; the use of polidocanol did not demonstrate changes in the clinical outcome. The use of a VP alone was associated with decreased fluoroscopy time and radiation dose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:46:56Z","timestamp":1692582416000},"page":"5408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Comparative Study of a Small Series of Patients (50 Patients) with Pelvic Varicose Veins Treated with Plugs Alone or Plugs and Polidocanol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"De Gregorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minimally Invasive Techniques Research Group\u2014GITMI, University of Zaragoza, Cl\u00ednica Quir\u00f3n, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Yamamoto-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Techniques Research Group\u2014GITMI, Cl\u00ednica Quir\u00f3n, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Fredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology, Clinica Quiron Salud Zaragoza, 50006 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Serrano-Casorran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minimally Invasive Techniques Research Group (GITMI), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Sierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires B1629, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Ciampi-Dopazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EBIR Interventional Radiology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0738-9736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8717-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Maria","family":"Abadal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EBIR Intereventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, 28914 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Urtiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery, Minimally Invasive Techniques Research Group (GITMI), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6178-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bonastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minimally Invasive Techniques Research Group (GITMI), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minimally Invasive Techniques Research Group (GITMI), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4138-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Urbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Techniques Research Group (GITMI), Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0113-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Andr\u00e9s","family":"Guirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minimally Invasive Techniques Research Group (GITMI), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Lozano Blesa, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.10.008","article-title":"Research Priorities in Pelvic Venous Disorders in Women: Recommendations from a Multidisciplinary Research Consensus Panel","volume":"30","author":"Khilnani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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