{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:05:07Z","timestamp":1765976707203,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past three years, humanity faced the abrupt spread of COVID-19, responsible for a worldwide health crisis. Initially, it was believed that individuals with chronic disorders, including multiple sclerosis, were more likely to be infected and suffer a worse degree of COVID-19 disease. Therefore, data with regard to COVID-19 disease outcomes in these populations may provide additional insight with regard to the management of chronic diseases during viral pandemics. The objective of this study is to evaluate COVID-19 disease course in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece and explore the impact of vaccination in the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in this population. Anonymized data, extracted from nationwide administrative records between February 2020 and December 2021, were retrospectively analyzed in order to identify PwMS with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Demographic data, as well as data regarding COVID-19 infection and vaccination, were additionally collected. The study sample included 2351 PwMS (65.1% females, 51.2% unvaccinated at the time of infection). A total of 260 PwMS were hospitalized, while 25 PwMS died from COVID-19 disease and its complications. Older age, male sex and the presence of comorbidities were independently associated with a higher probability of hospitalization. The risk of hospitalization was decreased in PwMS receiving some disease-modifying treatments. Anti-CD20s demonstrated high odds ratios without reaching statistical significance. Regarding fatal outcome, only age reached statistical significance. Vaccination provided a significant protective effect against hospitalization but did not exhibit a statistically significant effect on mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T08:01:21Z","timestamp":1692777681000},"page":"5460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccination and Disease Course in People with Multiple Sclerosis in Greece"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4737-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Bakirtzis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Konstantinidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sotiria","family":"Stavropoulou De Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1673-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Moysiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina-Kleopatra","family":"Boziki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Grigoriadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Kesidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8607-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paschalis","family":"Theotokis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Thireos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Center of Vari, National Health System of Greece, 16672 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Mitrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Department of Therapeutic Protocols and Patient Registers, Hellenic Ministry of Health, 10433 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4278-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Grigoriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, January 27). 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