{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:58:18Z","timestamp":1793933898725,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This literature review of growth hormone (GH) therapy and sleep-related health outcomes in children diagnosed with Prader\u2013Willi syndrome (PWS) assembles evidence for the consequences of sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality: difficulty concentrating and learning at school, behavioral problems, diminished quality of life, and growth impairment. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is another factor that impacts a child\u2019s well-being. We searched the electronic databases Medline PubMed Advanced Search Builder, Scopus, and Web of Science using MeSH terms and text words to retrieve articles on GH deficiency, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy, sleep quality, SDB, and PWS in children. The censor date was April 2023. The initial search yielded 351 articles, 23 of which were analyzed for this review. The study findings suggest that while GH may have a role in regulating sleep, the relationship between GH treatment and sleep in patients with PWS is complex and influenced by GH dosage, patient age, and type and severity of respiratory disorders, among other factors. GH therapy can improve lung function, linear growth, and body composition in children with PWS; however, it can also trigger or worsen obstructive sleep apnea or hypoventilation in some. Long-term GH therapy may contribute to adenotonsillar hypertrophy and exacerbate sleep apnea in children with PWS. Finally, GH therapy can improve sleep quality in some patients but it can also cause or worsen SDB in others, leading to diminished sleep quality and overall quality of life. The current evidence suggests that the initial risk of worsening SDB may improve with long-term therapy. In conclusion, rhGH is the standard for managing patients with PWS. Nonetheless, its impact on respiratory function during sleep needs to be thoroughly evaluated. Polysomnography is advisable to assess the need for adenotonsillectomy before initiating rhGH therapy. Close monitoring of sleep disorders in patients with PWS receiving GH therapy is essential to ensure effective and safe treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:23:40Z","timestamp":1692872620000},"page":"5504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Impact of Growth Hormone Therapy on Sleep-Related Health Outcomes in Children with Prader\u2013Willi Syndrome: A Review and Clinical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8659-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zaffanello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Pietrobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Guzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1405-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franco","family":"Antoniazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908787386050","article-title":"Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: Basic science and clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. 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