{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:01:18Z","timestamp":1793059278310,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33249-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33249-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F.16962\/5-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.16962\/5-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009968","name":"Tyrolean Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33249-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33249-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009968","name":"Tyrolean Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F.16962\/5-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.16962\/5-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: RPL and RIF are challenges in reproductive medicine. The immune system plays a pivotal role in endometrial receptivity, successful implantation, and pregnancy complications. Immunological changes have been associated with RPL and RIF. Understanding immune dysregulation especially in NK and T cell subtypes may lead to better diagnostic concepts and treatments. From July 2019 to August 2020 patients with RPL and RIF underwent a standardized diagnostic procedure including endometrial biopsies. Immune cell analysis was performed using flow cytometry. Patients were contacted in March 2023 and interviewed concerning their pregnancy outcomes following diagnostics. Results: Out of 68 patients undergoing endometrial biopsies, 49 patients were finally included. Live birth rates were high with 72% in RPL and 86% in RIF. Immune cell analysis revealed that patients with RPL had more cytotoxic CD56dimCD16high cells, while RIF patients had more CD56+ uNK cells. RPL patients with pregnancy complications showed increased NKT cell percentages. Conclusion: Our findings suggest specific immune changes in RPL and RIF patients, offering potential therapeutic targets. Tailored immunotherapy based on endometrial immunophenotyping might be an option, but further research is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T06:10:22Z","timestamp":1693203022000},"page":"5585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["NK and T Cell Subtypes in the Endometrium of Patients with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Recurrent Implantation Failure: Implications for Pregnancy Success"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kilian","family":"Vomstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Ketteg\u00e5rd All\u00e9 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"},{"name":"Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet and Hvidovre Hospital), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Reiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Tollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6907-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiana","family":"Kyvelidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6152-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Feil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO (1977). 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