{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:38:23Z","timestamp":1790030303542,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The availability of sugar has expanded over the past 50 years, due to improved industrial processes and corn subsidies, particularly in the form of sweetened beverages. This correlates with a surge in the prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, which has brought this issue back into the spotlight for public health. In this narrative review, we focus on the role of fructose in the genesis of cardiometabolic dyslipidemia (an increase in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL): VLDL, chylomicrons (CM), and their remnants) bringing together the most recent data on humans, which demonstrates the crucial interaction between glucose and fructose, increasing the synthesis while decreasing the catabolism of these particles in a synergistic downward spiral. After reviewing TRL metabolism, we discuss the fundamental principles governing the metabolism of fructose in the intestine and liver and the effects of dysregulated fructolysis, in conjunction with the activation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) by glucose and the resulting crosstalk. The first byproduct of fructose catabolism, fructose-1-P, is highlighted for its function as a signaling molecule that promotes fat synthesis. We emphasize the role of fructose\/glucose interaction in the liver, which enhances de novo lipogenesis, triglyceride (TG) synthesis, and VLDL production. In addition, we draw attention to current research that demonstrates how fructose affects the activity of lipoprotein lipase by increasing the concentration of inhibitors such as apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), which reduce the catabolism of VLDL and chylomicrons and cause the building up of their atherogenic remnants. The end outcome is a dual, synergistic, and harmful action that encourages atherogenesis. Thus, considering the growing concerns regarding the connection between sugar consumption and cardiometabolic disease, current research strongly supports the actions of public health organizations aimed at reducing sugar intake, including dietary guidance addressing \u201csafe\u201d limits for sugar consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1693482078000},"page":"5660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sugar and Dyslipidemia: A Double-Hit, Perfect Storm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gugliucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.4.895","article-title":"How Bad Is Fructose?","volume":"86","author":"Bray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283346ca2","article-title":"Soft Drink Consumption and Obesity: It Is All about Fructose","volume":"21","author":"Bray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400432","article-title":"Fructose: Pure, White, and Deadly? Fructose, by Any Other Name, Is a Health Hazard","volume":"4","author":"Bray","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.06.008","article-title":"Fructose: Metabolic, Hedonic, and Societal Parallels with Ethanol","volume":"110","author":"Lustig","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000186208.06964.91","article-title":"Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity","volume":"25","author":"Isganaitis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2912","article-title":"Toward a Unifying Hypothesis of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Bremer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2085","article-title":"Dietary Sugar and Body Weight: Have We Reached a Crisis in the Epidemic of Obesity and Diabetes?: Health Be Damned! Pour on the Sugar","volume":"37","author":"Bray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2013.00171.x","article-title":"Calorie-Sweetened Beverages and Fructose: What Have We Learned 10 Years Later","volume":"8","author":"Bray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.537","article-title":"Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup in Beverages May Play a Role in the Epidemic of Obesity","volume":"79","author":"Bray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.41","article-title":"The Role of Fructose in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD and the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"157","article-title":"Fructose\u2014How Worried Should We Be?","volume":"10","author":"Bray","year":"2008","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E591","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1992.262.5.E591","article-title":"Thermogenesis and Fructose Metabolism in Humans","volume":"262","author":"Schwarz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37385","article-title":"Consuming Fructose-Sweetened, Not Glucose-Sweetened, Beverages Increases Visceral Adiposity and Lipids and Decreases Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight\/Obese Humans","volume":"119","author":"Stanhope","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.7.1907","article-title":"Effect of Fructose Overfeeding and Fish Oil Administration on Hepatic de Novo Lipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men","volume":"54","author":"Faeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283613bca","article-title":"Adverse Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fructose: Results from the Recent Epidemiological, Clinical, and Mechanistic Studies","volume":"24","author":"Stanhope","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000469","article-title":"Dietary Carbohydrates and Fatty Liver Disease: De Novo Lipogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.002246","article-title":"Metabolic Responses to Prolonged Consumption of Glucose- and Fructose-Sweetened Beverages Are Not Associated with Postprandial or 24-h Glucose and Insulin Excursions","volume":"94","author":"Stanhope","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002998","article-title":"Fructose: It\u2019s \u201cAlcohol without the Buzz\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Lustig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A16511","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.142.suppl_3.16511","article-title":"Alejandro Gugliucci Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Improves Postprandial Chylomicron and VLDL Excursions in Adolescents With Obesity by Reducing Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 and Apolipoprotein CIII","volume":"142","author":"Bains","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2741\/4713","article-title":"Fructose at the Crossroads of the Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity Epidemics","volume":"24","author":"Mortera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Landmark"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21371","article-title":"Isocaloric Fructose Restriction and Metabolic Improvement in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lustig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02772","article-title":"Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum D-Lactate Concentration in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Bains","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000310","article-title":"Diet, Lipids, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"27","author":"Krauss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M089508","article-title":"Fructose-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Rhesus Macaques Is Attenuated with Fish Oil or ApoC3 RNA Interference","volume":"60","author":"Butler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.077","article-title":"Saturated Fats and Health: A Reassessment and Proposal for Food-Based Recommendations: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"76","author":"Astrup","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"133","article-title":"Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins","volume":"270","author":"Taskinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00676-y","article-title":"Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Health and Dyslipidaemia","volume":"19","author":"Taskinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00809-4","article-title":"The Role of ChREBP in Carbohydrate Sensing and NAFLD Development","volume":"19","author":"Carbinatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109224","article-title":"Fructose Impairs Fat Oxidation: Implications for the Mechanism of Western Diet-Induced NAFLD","volume":"114","author":"Inci","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson, E., Suh, J.H., Schwarz, J.M., Noworolski, S.M., Jones, G.M., Barber, J.R., Erkin-Cakmak, A., Mulligan, K., Lustig, R.H., and Mietus-Snyder, M. (2022). Effects of Isocaloric Fructose Restriction on Ceramide Levels in Children with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk: Relation to Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071432"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.043","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Fructose Restriction on Liver Fat, De Novo Lipogenesis, and Insulin Kinetics in Children With Obesity","volume":"153","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.161539","article-title":"Fructose: Back to the Future?","volume":"106","author":"Sievenpiper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1345-3","article-title":"Controversies about Sugars: Results from Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses on Obesity, Cardiometabolic Disease and Diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209993","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.9993","article-title":"Association of Major Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars with Incident Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k4644","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4644","article-title":"Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars and Glycaemic Control: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Intervention Studies","volume":"363","author":"Choo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-017-0096-6","article-title":"Tobacco Papers and Tobacco Industry Ties in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology","volume":"39","author":"Velicer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Public Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l736","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l736","article-title":"Tobacco Industry Involvement in Children\u2019s Sugary Drinks Market","volume":"364","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054279","article-title":"Marketing with Tobacco Pack Onserts: A Qualitative Analysis of Tobacco Industry Documents","volume":"28","author":"Apollonio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013543","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013543","article-title":"Health and Economic Benefits of Reducing Sugar Intake in the USA, Including Effects via Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Microsimulation Model","volume":"7","author":"Vreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hieronimus, B., Griffen, S.C., Keim, N.L., Bremer, A.A., Berglund, L., Nakajima, K., Havel, P.J., and Stanhope, K.L. (2019). Effects of Fructose or Glucose on Circulating ApoCIII and Triglyceride and Cholesterol Content of Lipoprotein Subfractions in Humans. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070913"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154356","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Fructose and Glucose on Lipoprotein Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults","volume":"112","author":"Hieronimus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112032","article-title":"Total Sugar, Added Sugar, Fructose, and Sucrose Intake and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.01.015","article-title":"yuan Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Serum Uric Acid, and Blood Pressure in Adolescents","volume":"154","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.048","article-title":"Short-Term Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Lowers ApoC-III Levels and Yields Less Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profiles in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"253","author":"Gugliucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.09.010","article-title":"Molecular Aspects of Fructose Metabolism and Metabolic Disease","volume":"33","author":"Herman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C847","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00439.2021","article-title":"Dietary Fructose as a Metabolic Risk Factor","volume":"323","author":"Sindhunata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.09.004","article-title":"\u201cSweet Death\u201d: Fructose as a Metabolic Toxin That Targets the Gut-Liver Axis","volume":"33","author":"Febbraio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.159","article-title":"Consumption of Fructose-Sweetened Beverages for 10 Weeks Reduces Net Fat Oxidation and Energy Expenditure in Overweight\/Obese Men and Women","volume":"66","author":"Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-68","article-title":"Consumption of Fructose- but Not Glucose-Sweetened Beverages for 10 Weeks Increases Circulating Concentrations of Uric Acid, Retinol Binding Protein-4, and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Activity in Overweight\/Obese Humans","volume":"9","author":"Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00578-0","article-title":"Excess Free Fructose, Apple Juice, High Fructose Corn Syrup and Childhood Asthma Risk\u2014The National Children\u2019s Study","volume":"19","author":"Dechristopher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015000865","article-title":"Intakes of Apple Juice, Fruit Drinks and Soda Are Associated with Prevalent Asthma in US Children Aged 2\u20139 Years","volume":"19","author":"DeChristopher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.04.007","article-title":"Caffeic and Chlorogenic Acids in Ilex Paraguariensis Extracts Are the Main Inhibitors of AGE Generation by Methylglyoxal in Model Proteins","volume":"80","author":"Gugliucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.05.003","article-title":"Advanced Glycation Endproducts Form during Ovalbumin Digestion in the Presence of Fructose: Inhibition by Chlorogenic Acid","volume":"120","author":"Bains","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e328353adc1","article-title":"Triglycerides: A Case for Treatment?","volume":"27","author":"Wierzbicki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baratta, F., Cocomello, N., Coronati, M., Ferro, D., Pastori, D., Angelico, F., and Ben, M. (2023). Del Cholesterol Remnants, Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Risk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054268"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0745-6","article-title":"Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Remnants: Targets for Therapy?","volume":"18","author":"Kroon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugliucci, A. (2023). Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism: Key Regulators of Their Flux. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134399"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi19-0007","article-title":"Remnants of the Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"69","author":"Chait","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugliucci, A. (2023). Beyond LDL: Understanding Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins to Tackle Residual Risk. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12123991"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12071","article-title":"Ectopic Lipid Storage and Insulin Resistance: A Harmful Relationship","volume":"274","author":"Taskinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab551","article-title":"Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Their Remnants: Metabolic Insights, Role in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies-a Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"42","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2008.05.011","article-title":"Postprandial Dyslipidemia in Insulin Resistance: Mechanisms and Role of Intestinal Insulin Sensitivity","volume":"9","author":"Hsieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.07.084","article-title":"Role of ChREBP in Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance","volume":"582","author":"Denechaud","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.06.044","article-title":"\u201cBlinding\u201d of AMP-Dependent Kinase by Methylglyoxal: A Mechanism That Allows Perpetuation of Hepatic Insulin Resistance?","volume":"73","author":"Gugliucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160607","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.160607","article-title":"Postprandial Metabolism of Apolipoproteins B48, B100, C-III, and E in Humans with APOC3 Loss-of-Function Mutations","volume":"7","author":"Taskinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.04.018","article-title":"Postprandial Lipoprotein Metabolism: VLDL vs. Chylomicrons","volume":"412","author":"Nakajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.001","article-title":"Postprandial Accumulation of Chylomicrons and Chylomicron Remnants Is Determined by the Clearance Capacity","volume":"222","author":"Adiels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Rahmany, S., and Jialal, I. (2020). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G519","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00189.2007","article-title":"Development and Physiological Regulation of Intestinal Lipid Absorption. I. Development of Intestinal Lipid Absorption: Cellular Events in Chylomicron Assembly and Secretion","volume":"293","author":"Black","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desmarchelier, C., Borel, P., Lairon, D., Maraninchi, M., and Val\u00e9ro, R. (2019). Effect of Nutrient and Micronutrient Intake on Chylomicron Production and Postprandial Lipemia. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061299"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D119000121","article-title":"Separation of Postprandial Lipoproteins: Improved Purification of Chylomicrons Using an ApoB100 Immunoaffinity Method","volume":"61","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.12.016","article-title":"Lean Adolescents with Insulin Resistance Display Higher Angiopoietin like Protein 3, ApoC-III and Chylomicron Remnant Dyslipidemia","volume":"526","author":"Caccavello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.402","article-title":"Lipoprotein Lipase: Is It a Magic Target for the Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"37","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, A., Kristensen, K.K., Ploug, M., and Winther, A.-M.L. (2021). The Importance of Lipoprotein Lipase Regulation in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070782"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.11.005","article-title":"Lipoprotein Lipase and Its Regulators: An Unfolding Story","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.02.006","article-title":"Lipoprotein Lipase: Biosynthesis, Regulatory Factors, and Its Role in Atherosclerosis and Other Diseases","volume":"480","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200093","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202200093","article-title":"The Regulation of Triacylglycerol Metabolism and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity","volume":"6","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.12.029","article-title":"Triglyceride Metabolism and Angiopoietin-like Proteins in Lipoprotein Lipase Regulation","volume":"503","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101067","article-title":"The Multi-Faces of Angptl8 in Health and Disease: Novel Functions beyond Lipoprotein Lipase Modulation","volume":"80","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.014","article-title":"Higher ANGPTL3, ApoC-III, and ApoB48 Dyslipidemia, and Lower Lipoprotein Lipase Concentrations Are Associated with Dysfunctional Visceral Fat in Adolescents with Obesity","volume":"508","author":"Caccavello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000589","article-title":"From HDL-Cholesterol to HDL-Function: Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Determinants","volume":"30","author":"Rhainds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1118","article-title":"CETP-Inhibition and HDL-Cholesterol: A Story of CV Risk or CV Benefit, or Both","volume":"104","author":"Nicholls","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.H. (2022). The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073967"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endo, Y., Fujita, M., and Ikewaki, K. (2023). HDL Functions\u2014Current Status and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13010105"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01265-4","article-title":"The Rise and Fall \u201cIng\u201d of the HDL Hypothesis","volume":"80","author":"Feghaly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-15-1-39","article-title":"HDL and Reverse Cholesterol Transport Biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"Riggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101682","article-title":"Remnant Lipoprotein Particles and Cardiovascular Disease Risk","volume":"37","author":"Krauss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.1.153","article-title":"Atherogenic Nature of Triglycerides, Postprandial Lipidemia, and Triglyceride-Rich Remnant, Lipoproteins","volume":"41","author":"Zilversmit","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.E598","article-title":"Remnant Lipoproteins as Strong Key Particles to Atherogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Fujioka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913869","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.913869","article-title":"Remnant Cholesterol and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Metabolism, Mechanism, Evidence, and Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.022","article-title":"Metabolism of Sugars: A Window to the Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis by Splanchnic Organs","volume":"40","author":"Tappy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.11.002","article-title":"Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Postprandial Gut and Systemic Lipid Handling","volume":"35","author":"Jegatheesan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6072632","article-title":"Metabolic Fate of Fructose Ingested with and without Glucose in a Mixed Meal","volume":"6","author":"Theytaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0469822","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04698-22","article-title":"Disruption of the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Induced by High Fructose and Restraint Stress Is Regulated by the Intestinal Microbiota and Microbiota Metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890730","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.890730","article-title":"The Interaction Between Dietary Fructose and Gut Microbiota in Hyperuricemia and Gout","volume":"9","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dro\u017cd\u017c, K., Nabrdalik, K., Hajzler, W., Kwiendacz, H., Gumprecht, J., and Lip, G.Y.H. (2022). Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: Associations with Fructose Metabolism and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010103"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587189","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.587189","article-title":"ChREBP-Mediated Regulation of Lipid Metabolism: Involvement of the Gut Microbiota, Liver, and Adipose Tissue","volume":"11","author":"Iizuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanbay, M., Guler, B., Ertuglu, L.A., Dagel, T., Afsar, B., Incir, S., Baygul, A., Covic, A., Andres-Hernando, A., and S\u00e1nchez-Lozada, L.G. (2021). The Speed of Ingestion of a Sugary Beverage Has an Effect on the Acute Metabolic Response to Fructose. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061916"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.006","article-title":"Fructose and Uric Acid as Drivers of a Hyperactive Foraging Response: A Clue to Behavioral Disorders Associated with Impulsivity or Mania?","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00452-5","article-title":"Responses to Hypoxia: How Fructose Metabolism and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1a Pathways Converge in Health and Disease","volume":"12","author":"Kanbay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R347","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00238.2021","article-title":"Sirtuin Deficiency and the Adverse Effects of Fructose and Uric Acid Synthesis","volume":"322","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013912","article-title":"Formation of Fructose-Mediated Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Roles in Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Gugliucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.05.026","article-title":"Fructose Surges Damage Hepatic Adenosyl-Monophosphate-Dependent Kinase and Lead to Increased Lipogenesis and Hepatic Insulin Resistance","volume":"93","author":"Gugliucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2017-0733","article-title":"Higher D-Lactate Levels Are Associated with Higher Prevalence of Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein in Obese Adolescents","volume":"56","author":"Caccavello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.06.010","article-title":"Optimized Sensitive and Inexpensive Method to Measure D-Lactate as a Surrogate Marker of Methylglyoxal Fluxes in Metabolically Relevant Contexts","volume":"203","author":"Gugliucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"e220270","article-title":"Fructose Drives de Novo Lipogenesis Affecting Metabolic Health","volume":"257","author":"Gerber","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steenson, S., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Whyte, M.B., Jackson, K.G., Lovegrove, J.A., Fielding, B.A., and Margot Umpleby, A. (2020). The Effect of Fructose Feeding on Intestinal Triacylglycerol Production and De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Humans. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061781"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-062220-025831","article-title":"Dietary Fructose and Fructose-Induced Pathologies","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steenson, S., Umpleby, A.M., Lovegrove, J.A., Jackson, K.G., and Fielding, B.A. (2017). Role of the Enterocyte in Fructose-induced Hypertriglyceridaemia. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040349"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90061-Z","article-title":"Partial Characterization of the Fructose-Induced Defect in Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Triglyceride Metabolism","volume":"40","author":"Mamo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.22681","article-title":"The Ingestion of a Fructose-Containing Beverage Combined with Fat Cream Exacerbates Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Healthy Women","volume":"22","author":"Saito","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeChristopher, L.R., Auerbach, B.J., and Tucker, K.L. (2020). High Fructose Corn Syrup, Excess-Free-Fructose, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease among African Americans- the Jackson Heart Study. BMC Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-020-00396-x"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000653","article-title":"Dietary Fructose and Dyslipidemia: New Mechanisms Involving Apolipoprotein CIII","volume":"31","author":"Hieronimus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E141","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00406.2017","article-title":"Plasma Fatty Acid Ethanolamides Are Associated with Postprandial Triglycerides, ApoCIII, and ApoE in Humans Consuming a High-Fructose Corn Syrup-Sweetened Beverage","volume":"315","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.07.007","article-title":"Fructose 1-Phosphate, an Evolutionary Signaling Molecule of Abundancy","volume":"33","author":"Brouwers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/20082410841","article-title":"Can the Hyperactivity of Lipogenesis Cause Hepatic Steatosis? A Role for ChREBP","volume":"24","author":"Robichon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medecine\/Sciences"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3678","article-title":"Effect of a High-Fructose Weight-Maintaining Diet on Lipogenesis and Liver Fat","volume":"100","author":"Schwarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00472","article-title":"Carbohydrate Sensing Through the Transcription Factor ChREBP","volume":"10","author":"Postic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093618","article-title":"ChREBP, a Transcriptional Regulator of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Postic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095440","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1095440","article-title":"New Insights into the Inter-Organ Crosstalk Mediated by ChREBP","volume":"14","author":"Carbinatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"249","article-title":"ChREBP","volume":"64","author":"Iizuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nippon. Rinsho. Jpn. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iizuka, K. (2023). Recent Progress on Fructose Metabolism-Chrebp, Fructolysis, and Polyol Pathway. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071778"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.01.003","article-title":"Novel Insights into ChREBP Regulation and Function","volume":"24","author":"Filhoulaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ13-0121","article-title":"Recent Progress on the Role of ChREBP in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"60","author":"Iizuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100623","article-title":"Adaptive and Maladaptive Roles for ChREBP in the Liver and Pancreatic Islets","volume":"296","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2018.51.9.197","article-title":"Recent Insights into the Role of ChREBP in Intestinal Fructose Absorption and Metabolism","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, B. (2023). The Function of MondoA and ChREBP Nutrient-Sensing Factors in Metabolic Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108811"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1358523","article-title":"Transcriptional Control of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism by SREBP and ChREBP","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2034","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1050","article-title":"Circulating Concentrations of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, and Soluble Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 in Overweight\/Obese Men and Women Consuming Fructose- or Glucose-Sweetened Beverages for 10 Weeks","volume":"96","author":"Cox","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder, N.H.O., Hieronimus, B., Stanhope, K.L., Shibata, N.M., Lee, V., Nunez, M.V., Keim, N.L., Bremer, A., Havel, P.J., and Heffern, M.C. (2020). Effects of Dietary Glucose and Fructose on Copper, Iron, and Zinc Metabolism Parameters in Humans. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092581"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E394","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1992.262.4.E394","article-title":"Thermogenesis in Obese Women: Effect of Fructose vs. Glucose Added to a Meal","volume":"262","author":"Schwarz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14452","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.24.14452","article-title":"Gluconeogenesis and Intrahepatic Triose Phosphate Flux in Response to Fasting or Substrate Loads. Application of the Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis Technique with Testing of Assumptions and Potential Problems","volume":"270","author":"Neese","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-020-00885-1","article-title":"Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (FCS): Recent Data on Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"22","author":"Gallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00474","article-title":"The Roles of ApoC-III on the Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Humans","volume":"11","author":"Packard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000849","article-title":"Recent Apolipoprotein CIII Trials","volume":"33","author":"Tramontano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.09.035","article-title":"Is Apo-CIII the New Cardiovascular Target? An Analysis of Its Current Clinical and Dietetic Therapies","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000824","article-title":"Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles: Clinically Relevant?","volume":"33","author":"Krauss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E493","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00195.2021","article-title":"Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism by ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8","volume":"321","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150272","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.150272","article-title":"The ANGPTL3-4-8 Model, a Molecular Mechanism for Triglyceride Trafficking","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2021.101140","article-title":"An Updated ANGPTL3-4-8 Model as a Mechanism of Triglyceride Partitioning between Fat and Oxidative Tissues","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210106","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.210106","article-title":"ANGPTL8 in Metabolic Homeostasis: More Friend than Foe?","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2023.12.1.23","article-title":"New Therapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Dyslipidemia 1: ApoC-III and ANGPTL3","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lipid Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.60.3.473","article-title":"Atherogenesis: A Postprandial Phenomenon","volume":"60","author":"Zilversmit","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.6.1511","article-title":"Mechanisms for the Acute Effect of Fructose on Postprandial Lipemia","volume":"85","author":"Chong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000798","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like Proteins and Postprandial Partitioning of Fatty Acids","volume":"33","author":"DiDonna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000530","article-title":"Triglycerides and Residual Risk","volume":"27","author":"Corral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.018","article-title":"Management of Residual Risk after Statin Therapy","volume":"245","author":"Reith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0624","article-title":"Strategies to Overcome Residual Risk during Statins Era","volume":"83","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-18-0442","article-title":"ANGPTL3 Inhibitors: Their Role in Cardiovascular Disease through Regulation of Lipid Metabolism","volume":"83","author":"Geladari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.317966","article-title":"Broadening the Scope of Dyslipidemia Therapy by Targeting APOC3 (Apolipoprotein C3) and ANGPTL3 (Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3)","volume":"43","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-008-0291-7","article-title":"Lessons from Comparative Physiology: Could Uric Acid Represent a Physiologic Alarm Signal Gone Awry in Western Society?","volume":"179","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320393111","article-title":"Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases","volume":"111","author":"Kratzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/17\/5660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:43:36Z","timestamp":1760129016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/17\/5660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12175660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12175660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}}}