{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:59:39Z","timestamp":1792594779600,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common clinical condition affecting adolescent and adult women and compromising their quality of life. Primary hemostasis disorders, affecting platelet plug formation, can be the underlying cause of HMB. They comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases with Von Willebrand disease (VWD) being the most commonly diagnosed; other disorders in this group that have been linked to HMB include (a) Glanzmann thrombasthenia, (b) Bernard\u2013Soulier syndrome, (c) Hermansky\u2013Pudlak syndrome, (d) immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and (e) Ehlers\u2013Danlos syndromes (EDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). Diagnosing these diseases can be challenging, as the basic laboratory investigations can be within the normal range. Thus, identification of specific clinical features and a thorough hematologic workup can be very important, providing the correct diagnosis. Proper diagnosis of the underlying disorder is important, as management may vary accordingly. Although disease-specific management guidelines exist for some of these disorders such as VWD and ITP, due to the rarity of most primary hemostasis disorders, the best approach for the management of HMB in these women remains elusive. The goal of this study was to create an informative, comprehensive review of the primary hemostasis disorders that have been linked to HMB. This study provides a summary of the basic published information regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment of HMB in those diseases and serves as a reference guide for further reading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T09:12:22Z","timestamp":1693559542000},"page":"5702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Primary Hemostasis Disorders as a Cause of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Women of Reproductive Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4584-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Kontogiannis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cAretaieion\u201d Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9758-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alkis","family":"Matsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cAretaieion\u201d Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Valsami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Laboratory-Blood Bank, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1709-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Effrosyni","family":"Livanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cAretaieion\u201d Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Panoskaltsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cAretaieion\u201d Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4112-8396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Christopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cAretaieion\u201d Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2022.0082","article-title":"Impact of von Willebrand Disease on Women\u2019s Health Outcomes: A Matched Cohort Database Study","volume":"31","author":"Hagberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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