{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:27:32Z","timestamp":1760149652146,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Suzuken Memorial Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the most common pediatric musculoskeletal disorder, causes a three-dimensional spine deformity. Lenke type 5 AIS is defined as a structural thoracolumbar\/lumbar curve with nonstructural thoracic curves. Although a rod curvature will affect clinical outcomes, intraoperative contouring of the straight rod depends on the surgeon\u2019s knowledge and experience. This study aimed to determine the optimum rod geometries to provide a pre-bent rod system for posterior spinal surgery in patients with Lenke type 5 AIS. These pre-bent rods will be beneficial for achieving proper postoperative outcomes without rod contouring based on surgeon experience. We investigated 20 rod geometries traced in posterior spinal reconstruction in patients with Lenke type 5 AIS. The differences between the center point clouds in each cluster were evaluated using the iterative closest point (ICP) method with modification. Before the evaluation using the ICP method, the point clouds were divided into four clusters based on the rod length using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Because the differences in the values derived from the ICP method were &lt;5 mm for each length-based cluster, four representative rod shapes were generated from the length-based clusters. We identified four optimized rod shapes that will reduce operation time, leading to a decreased patient and surgeon burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:43:20Z","timestamp":1693795400000},"page":"5750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Notch-Free, Pre-Bent Rod Applicable for Posterior Corrective Surgery of Thoracolumbar\/Lumbar Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yoko","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-Chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3570-1782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Science and Informatics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, N14W9, Sapporo 060-0814, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4816-0807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuro","family":"Ura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terufumi","family":"Kokabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-Chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsuhisa","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-Chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-Chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisataka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-Chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9228-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ohnishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Ukeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2436-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiko","family":"Takahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norimasa","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8635-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f2508","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2508","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"346","author":"Altaf","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04608-4","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Addai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200108000-00006","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis","volume":"83","author":"Lenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"821","article-title":"Lenke and King classification systems for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Interobserver agreement and postoperative results","volume":"4","author":"Soleimanpour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0459-2","article-title":"Classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)","volume":"7","author":"Ovadia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200203150-00008","article-title":"Curve prevalence of a new classification of operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Does classification correlate with treatment?","volume":"27","author":"Lenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0467-2","article-title":"Anterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Helenius","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child. Orthop"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3968-0","article-title":"Comparison of combined anterior-posterior approach versus posterior-only approach in treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v7.i9.553","article-title":"Surgical treatment of Lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Comparison of anterior vs posterior approach","volume":"7","author":"Abel","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2017.09.054","article-title":"Anterior Spinal Fusion and Posterior Spinal Fusion Both Effectively Treat Lenke Type 5 Curves in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Multicenter Study","volume":"6","author":"Michael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-021-00436-x","article-title":"Anterior versus posterior spinal fusion for Lenke type 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies","volume":"10","author":"Hirase","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1111\/os.13117","article-title":"Anterior Selective Lumbar Fusion Saving More Distal Fusion Segments Compared with Posterior Approach in the Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis with Lenke Type 5: A Cohort Study with More Than 8-Year Follow-up","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-016-0415-9","article-title":"Anterior versus posterior approach in Lenke 5C adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A meta-analysis of fusion segments and radiological outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E223","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004529","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Scoliosis Lenke Type 5, Anterior Versus Posterior, Which Approach is Better?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E788","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002963","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Lenke Type 5 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"44","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24118","article-title":"Identification of optimized rod shapes to guide anatomical spinal reconstruction for adolescent thoracic idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Kokabu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000224177.97846.00","article-title":"The effects of rod contouring on spinal construct fatigue strength","volume":"31","author":"Lindsey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5591-3","article-title":"Preliminary experience with SpineEOS, a new software for 3D planning in AIS surgery","volume":"27","author":"Ferrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92187-y","article-title":"In vivo deformation of anatomically pre-bent rods in thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"11","author":"Sudo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E585","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002428","article-title":"Differential Rod Contouring is Essential for Improving Vertebral Rotation in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Thoracic Curves Assessed with Intraoperative CT","volume":"43","author":"Seki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318252ccbe","article-title":"Postoperative changes in spinal rod contour in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An in vivo deformation study","volume":"37","author":"Cidambi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.01.004","article-title":"Corrective force analysis for scoliosis from implant rod deformation","volume":"27","author":"Salmingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.14733\/cadaps.2023.797-813","article-title":"Preliminary Shape Similarity Analysis and Standardization for Pre-Bent Rod Design for Adult Spinal Deformity Correction","volume":"20","author":"Soutome","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"586","article-title":"A method for registration of 3-D shapes","volume":"1611","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-022-00537-1","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis for the impact of rod materials and sizes in the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"10","author":"Bowden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(90)90097-M","article-title":"Young\u2019s modulus and damping of Ti 6Al 4 Valloy as a function of heat treatment and oxygen concentration","volume":"128","author":"Lee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-716X(93)90331-L","article-title":"On the young\u2019s moduli of Ti 6Al 4V alloys","volume":"29","author":"Fan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scr. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2018.07.018","article-title":"Cobalt-chrome and titanium alloy rods provide similar coronal and sagittal correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"104","author":"Sabah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003","article-title":"Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review","volume":"27","author":"Staiger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM763","article-title":"The fatigue life of contoured cobalt chrome posterior spinal fusion rods","volume":"225","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e520-3","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20150603-61","article-title":"Influence of Rod Contouring on Rod Strength and Stiffness in Spine Surgery","volume":"38","author":"Demura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000721","article-title":"Patient-specific Rods for Surgical Correction of Sagittal Imbalance in Adults: Technical Aspects and Preliminary Results","volume":"32","author":"Solla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2019.07.027","article-title":"Patient-specific rods for thoracic kyphosis correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: Preliminary results","volume":"106","author":"Solla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.12.015","article-title":"\u201cPatient-specific\u201d rods in the management of adult spinal deformity. One-year radiographic results of a prospective study about 86 patients","volume":"66","author":"Prost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20160304-04","article-title":"Early Experience and Initial Outcomes with Patient-Specific Spine Rods for Adult Spinal Deformity","volume":"39","author":"Barton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.02.005","article-title":"Where to stop distally in Lenke modifier C AIS with lumbar curve more than 60\u00b0: L3 or L4?","volume":"178","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-020-00277-0","article-title":"Risk factors for persistent coronal imbalance or revision surgery following L3 LIV selection in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)","volume":"9","author":"LaValva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.110","article-title":"How to Avoid Distal Adding-on Phenomenon for Rigid Curves in Major Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? Identifying the Incidence of Distal Adding-on by Selection of Lowest Instrumented Vertebra","volume":"132","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamada, K., Sudo, H., Abe, Y., Kokabu, T., Tachi, H., Endo, T., Ohnishi, T., Ukeba, D., Ura, K., and Takahata, M. (2023). Influence of Lateral Translation of Lowest Instrumented Vertebra on L4 Tilt and Coronal Balance for Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Curves in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041389"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/17\/5750\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:00Z","timestamp":1760129160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/17\/5750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12175750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12175750","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]}}}