{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:08:46Z","timestamp":1785172126919,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Research (NIHR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: While spoken language learning delays are assumed for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children after cochlear implant (CI), many catch up with their hearing peers. Some DHH children with CIs, however, show persistent delays in language, despite protective factors being in place. This suggests a developmental language disorder (DLD). However, at present there is little consensus on how to diagnose DLD in DHH children. (2) Methods: Given the lack of consensus in this area, a set of case studies provides an appropriate first step. The goal of this paper is to show the plausibility of a DLD diagnosis, following careful analysis of protective and risk factors. A retrospective case study review was conducted for three children. Their long-term language outcomes up to four years after CI were considered in the context of access to sound, speech sound discrimination, social skills and non-verbal cognition. (3) Results: It was possible to posit DLD in one child who had experienced good access to sound, alongside good speech discrimination abilities and social development, and normal non-verbal cognition, but who presented with severe language learning difficulties. (4) Conclusions: Finding markers for DLD in DHH children is important for diagnosis and intervention. The implications for clinical practice are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:24:30Z","timestamp":1693823070000},"page":"5755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identifying Developmental Language Disorder in Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants: A Case Study of Three Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0986-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Hardman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2997-3167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona Elizabeth","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre (DCAL), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Ebbels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moor House Research and Training Institute, Moor House School & College, Oxted RH8 9AQ, UK"},{"name":"Language and Cognition, Psychology and Language, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology and Education Department, University Oberta Catalunya, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr176","article-title":"Global and regional hearing impairment prevalence: An analysis of 42 studies in 29 countries","volume":"23","author":"Stevens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. 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