{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:08:24Z","timestamp":1790644104238,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchiectasis is the third leading chronic inflammatory disease of the airway caused by dozens of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary diseases. Infection by pathogenic microorganisms is very common. We aimed to analyze, for the first time in the literature, the etiology of bronchiectasis throughout the world via data published in national and international registries. A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed and Web of Science. Seven studies were included, with a total of 27,258 patients from 33 countries of four continents. The most frequent cause of bronchiectasis was post-infectious: 30.5% (range: 19.1\u201340.4%), followed by idiopathic: 28.7% (18.5\u201338.1%). Post-tuberculous bronchiectasis accounted for 14.1% (1.8\u201335.5%), while etiologies associated with COPD and asthma comprised 7% (3.4\u201310.9%) and 5.2% (2.5\u20137.8%). In conclusion, there was a high degree of heterogeneity in the relative percentages of the main causes of bronchiectasis in the world, although post-infectious and idiophatic bronchiectasis continue to be the most frequent causes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T10:26:43Z","timestamp":1693909603000},"page":"5782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Etiology of Bronchiectasis in the World: Data from the Published National and International Registries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3693-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Daniel","family":"G\u00f3mez-Olivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Polit\u00e9cnico La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 2026, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2121-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Oscullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Polit\u00e9cnico La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 2026, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7321-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Polit\u00e9cnico La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 2026, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERES de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00277-0","article-title":"Criteria and definitions for the radiological and clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis in adults for use in clinical trials: International consensus recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Aliberti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2022.04.008","article-title":"Factors Associated With One-Year Mortality in Hospitalised Patients With Exacerbated Bronchiectasis","volume":"58","author":"Scioscia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2019.12.017","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Steady-State Bronchiectasis: Prognostic Value of Future Severe Exacerbations. Data From the Spanish Registry of Bronchiectasis (RIBRON)","volume":"57","author":"Posadas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2021.08.003","article-title":"The Airway Microbiome: Present and Future Applications","volume":"58","author":"Jaggi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S6133","article-title":"The pathophysiology of bronchiectasis","volume":"4","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2021.11.003","article-title":"Treating Neutrophilic Inflammation in Airways Diseases","volume":"58","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1889OC","article-title":"Characterisation of Eosinophilic Bronchiectasis: A European Multicohort Study","volume":"205","author":"Shoemark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"671","article-title":"Bronchiectasis and Eosinophils","volume":"57","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2022.01.010","article-title":"Biological Biomarkers in Respiratory Diseases","volume":"58","author":"Cilloniz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0042-3","article-title":"Bronchiectasis","volume":"15","author":"Chalmers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00093-0","article-title":"EMBARC Registry Investigators. Bronchiectasis in Europe: Data on disease characteristics from the European Bronchiectasis registry (EMBARC)","volume":"11","author":"Chalmers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2016.12.003","article-title":"Etiology of Bronchiectasis in a Cohort of 2047 Patients. An Analysis of the Spanish Historical Bronchiectasis Registry","volume":"53","author":"Olveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2020.11.010","article-title":"RIBRON: The Spanish Online Bronchiectasis Registry. Characterization of the First 1912 Patients","volume":"57","author":"Villa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2022.070","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis and its relating factors in patients with bronchiectasis: Findings from KMBARC registry","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1269-79","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30327-4","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in India: Results from the European Multicentre Bronchiectasis Audit and Research Collaboration (EMBARC) and Respiratory Research Network of India Registry","volume":"7","author":"Dhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.10.055","article-title":"Adult Patients With Bronchiectasis. A First Look at the US Bronchiectasis Research Registry","volume":"151","author":"Aksamit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.07.016","article-title":"Australian adults with bronchiectasis: The first report from the Australian Bronchiectasis Registry","volume":"155","author":"Visser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resp. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"391","article-title":"PROGNOSIS\u2014The prospective German non-cf bronchiectasis patient registry","volume":"69","author":"Rademacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2023, July 14). IRIDE Osservatorio Italiano delle Bronchiettasie. Available online: https:\/\/www.sipirs.it\/cms\/iride\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00775-2020","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00775-2020","article-title":"BronchUK: Protocol for an observational cohort study and biobank in bronchiectasis","volume":"7","author":"Mawson","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02254-9","article-title":"The Establishment of China Bronchiectasis Registry and Research Collaboration (BE-China): Protocol of a prospective multicenterobservational study","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resp. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2022.06.002","article-title":"Advances in Bronchiectasis Registries: The New Chinese Registry","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, M.\u00c1., Oscullo, G., G\u00f3mez-Olivas, J.D., Olveira, C., Gir\u00f3n, R., Garc\u00eda-Clemente, M., M\u00e1iz, L., Sibila, O., Golpe, R., and Rodr\u00edguez-Hermosa, J.L. (Arch. Bronconeumol., 2023). Bronchiectasis: Changes in the Characterization of Patients During 20 Years of Follow-up. Data from the Spanish Bronchiectasis Registries, Arch. Bronconeumol., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2023.07.023"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S121943","article-title":"Predicting high risk of exacerbations in bronchiectasis: The E-FACED score","volume":"12","author":"Athanazio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. COPD"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12528","article-title":"Aetiology of bronchiectasis in Guangzhou, southern China","volume":"20","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12574","article-title":"Aetiology and clinical characteristicsof patients with bronchiectasis in a Chinese Han population: A prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"186","article-title":"Implementation of a Gene Panel for Genetic Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia","volume":"57","author":"Paramonov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2021.01.019","article-title":"Respiratory Manifestations in Primary Immunodeficiencies: Findings from a Pediatric and Adult Cohort","volume":"57","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Loebinger, M.R., Quint, J.K., van der Laan, R., Obradovic, M., Chawla, R., Kishore, A., and van Ingen, J. Risk factors for nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary disease: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis, Chest, in press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanduzzi, A., Ciasullo, E., Capitelli, L., Zamparelli, S.S., and Bocchino, M. (2020). Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Bronchiectasis: A Concomitance or a Real Association?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072294"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2021.12.005","article-title":"Successful Long-Term Treatment Combining Omalizumab and Anti-IL-5 Biologics in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"58","author":"Laorden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/5782\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1760129212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/5782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12185782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12185782","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]}}}