{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:23:34Z","timestamp":1791915814154,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007783","name":"Hanyang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HY-2021-2595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HY-2021-2595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Otolaryngological diagnoses, such as otitis media, are traditionally performed using endoscopy, wherein diagnostic accuracy can be subjective and vary among clinicians. The integration of objective tools, like artificial intelligence (AI), could potentially improve the diagnostic process by minimizing the influence of subjective biases and variability. We systematically reviewed the AI techniques using medical imaging in otolaryngology. Relevant studies related to AI-assisted otitis media diagnosis were extracted from five databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and IEEE Xplore, without date restrictions. Publications that did not relate to AI and otitis media diagnosis or did not utilize medical imaging were excluded. Of the 32identified studies, 26 used tympanic membrane images for classification, achieving an average diagnosis accuracy of 86% (range: 48.7\u201399.16%). Another three studies employed both segmentation and classification techniques, reporting an average diagnosis accuracy of 90.8% (range: 88.06\u201393.9%). These findings suggest that AI technologies hold promise for improving otitis media diagnosis, offering benefits for telemedicine and primary care settings due to their high diagnostic accuracy. However, to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes, further improvements in diagnostic performance are necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T10:09:50Z","timestamp":1694081390000},"page":"5831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Image-Based Artificial Intelligence Technology for Diagnosing Middle Ear Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dahye","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Major in Bio Artificial Intelligence, Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taewan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major in Bio Artificial Intelligence, Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5010-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeonjoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major in Bio Artificial Intelligence, Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8889-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada"},{"name":"Core Research & Development Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.09.005","article-title":"Caregiver well-being and child quality of life","volume":"136","author":"Boruk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. 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