{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T06:30:41Z","timestamp":1768717841862,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aortic and visceral aneurysms affect large arterial vessels, including the thoracic and abdominal aorta, as well as visceral arterial branches, such as the splenic, hepatic, and mesenteric arteries, respectively. Although these clinical entities have not been equally researched, it seems that they might share certain common pathophysiological changes and molecular mechanisms. The yet limited published data, with regard to newly designed, novel therapies, could serve as a nidus for the evaluation and potential implementation of such treatments in large artery aneurysms. In both animal models and clinical trials, various novel treatments have been employed in an attempt to not only reduce the complications of the already implemented modalities, through manufacturing of more durable materials, but also to regenerate or replace affected tissues themselves. Cellular populations like stem and differentiated vascular cell types, large diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), and various molecules and biological factors that might target aspects of the pathophysiological process, including cell-adhesion stabilizers, metalloproteinase inhibitors, and miRNAs, could potentially contribute significantly to the treatment of these types of aneurysms. In this narrative review, we sought to collect and present relevant evidence in the literature, in an effort to unveil promising biological therapies, possibly applicable to the treatment of aortic aneurysms, both thoracic and abdominal, as well as visceral aneurysms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:11:18Z","timestamp":1694423478000},"page":"5878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Promising Novel Therapies in the Treatment of Aortic and Visceral Aneurysms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6274-3130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodora M.","family":"Stougiannou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5807-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos C.","family":"Christodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstratios","family":"Georgakarakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Mikroulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimos","family":"Karangelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-018-0148-4","article-title":"Recent Advances in Stem Cell Therapeutics and Tissue Engineering Strategies","volume":"22","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cardiac Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Using Cell-Based Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Alrefai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eRB4538","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-45082018rb4538","article-title":"Cardiac Tissue Engineering: Current State-of-the-Art Materials, Cells and Tissue Formation","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000073844.41372.38","article-title":"Tissue Engineering Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"92","author":"Nugent","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19577","article-title":"Adult Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7171","article-title":"Vascular Stem\/Progenitor Cell Migration and Differentiation in Atherosclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.10.049","article-title":"The Endovascular Management of Visceral Artery Aneurysms and Pseudoaneurysms","volume":"45","author":"Tulsyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Committee Members, Isselbacher, E.M., Preventza, O., Hamilton, B.I.J., Augoustides, J.G., Beck, A.W., Bolen, M.A., Braverman, A.C., Bray, B.E., and Brown-Zimmerman Maya, M. (2022). 2022 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 80, e223\u2013e393.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.08.004"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Upchurch, G.R., and Perry, R.J. (2019). Rutherford\u2019s Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Safi, H.J., and Anthony, L. (2015). Atlas of Vascular and Endovascular Therapy\u2014Anatomy and Technique, Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00772-018-0384-x","article-title":"Visceral Artery Aneurysms","volume":"23","author":"Juntermanns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gefasschirurgie"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpsurg.2017.01.001","article-title":"Molecular Pathogenesis of Genetic and Sporadic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections","volume":"54","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000154569.08857.7A","article-title":"Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"111","author":"Isselbacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1262544","article-title":"Visceral artery aneurysms","volume":"135","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zent. Chir."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-2-32","article-title":"Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV","volume":"2","author":"Germain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2017.11.10","article-title":"Natural History of Aortic Root Aneurysms in Marfan Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Saeyeldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"267215","article-title":"Aortic Disease in the Young: Genetic Aneurysm Syndromes, Connective Tissue Disorders, and Familial Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections","volume":"2013","author":"Cury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31686","article-title":"The Genetic Basis of Turner Syndrome Aortopathy","volume":"181","author":"Corbitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"27179","article-title":"The Genetics and Genomics of Thoracic Aortic Disease","volume":"2","author":"Pomianowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12055-021-01324-9","article-title":"Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Connective Tissue Disorder Patients","volume":"38","author":"Diletta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179546817709787","DOI":"10.1177\/1179546817709787","article-title":"The Genetics of Aortopathies in Clinical Cardiology","volume":"11","author":"Goyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.01.070","article-title":"Molecular Diagnosis in Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Predicts Pattern of Arterial Involvement and Outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Shalhub","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02143869","article-title":"Nondissecting Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Part I","volume":"9","author":"Panneton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"101","article-title":"Splanchnic Artery Aneurysms: The Diagnostic Contribution of Ultrasonography in Correlation with Other Imaging Methods","volume":"17","author":"Badea","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-9590.18.03960-3","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury in Endovascular Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Preventive Strategies","volume":"37","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeRoo, E., Stranz, A., Yang, H., Hsieh, M., Se, C., and Zhou, T. (2022). Endothelial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040509"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313181","article-title":"Cell-Specific Functions of ADAM17 Regulate the Progression of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"123","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(85)90053-9","article-title":"Celiac Artery Aneurysms: Historic (1745\u20131949) versus Contemporary (1950\u20131984) Differences in Etiology and Clinical Importance","volume":"2","author":"Graham","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Popov, P., Radak, \u0110., Popov, P., and Radak, \u0110. (2013). Aortic Aneurysm\u2014Recent Advances, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14361","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14361","article-title":"The Molecular Basis of Endothelial Cell Plasticity","volume":"8","author":"Dejana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.316237","article-title":"Large Vessel Cell Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Focus in Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"42","author":"Jauhiainen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"224","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase Interactions with Collagen and Elastin","volume":"44\u201346","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Mechanism and Therapy of Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I-242","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.526152","article-title":"Effects of Deletion of the Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Gene on Development of Murine Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"112","author":"Ikonomidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H114","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00028.2010","article-title":"Alterations in Membrane Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Abundance after the Induction of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm in a Murine Model","volume":"299","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13697","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13697","article-title":"The Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in the Development of Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections","volume":"52","author":"Rombouts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934941","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.934941","article-title":"Wall Shear Stress Predicts Media Degeneration and Biomechanical Changes in Thoracic Aorta","volume":"13","author":"Kiema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.15557\/JoU.2018.0021","article-title":"Visceral Artery Aneurysms \u2013Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Piasek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2012.06.414","article-title":"The Role of Extracellular Signal-Related Kinase During Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation","volume":"215","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.300735","article-title":"AKT2 Confers Protection Against Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections","volume":"112","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707181","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction and Compromised ENOS\/Akt Signaling in the Thoracic Aorta during the Progression of Marfan Syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0102-3","article-title":"Endothelial TGF-\u03b2 Signalling Drives Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.10.042","article-title":"The TGF-\u03b2 Pathway Plays a Key Role in Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"501","author":"Tingting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R25","DOI":"10.1530\/VB-20-0015","article-title":"Bio-Chemo-Mechanics of the Thoracic Aorta","volume":"3","author":"Iddawela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0286-3","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix, Regional Heterogeneity of the Aorta, and Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"51","author":"Jana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S020","DOI":"10.1007\/s003920070096","article-title":"Role of Pericytes in Vascular Calcification: A Review","volume":"89","author":"Canfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Z. Kardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.221176","article-title":"Adventitial Biology","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04089-8","article-title":"Experimental Aortic Aneurysm Severity and Growth Depend on Topical Elastase Concentration and Lysyl Oxidase Inhibition","volume":"12","author":"Berman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mcb.2017.08.012","article-title":"Chapter 12\u2013Elastin Purification and Solubilization","volume":"Volume 143","author":"Mecham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953514","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.953514","article-title":"Murine Model of Elastase-Induced Proximal Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm through a Midline Incision in the Anterior Neck","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, C., Zhao, G., Zhao, Y., Chen, Y.E., and Zhang, J. (2022). Mouse Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model Induced by Perivascular Application of Elastase. J. Vis. Exp., e63608. 180.","DOI":"10.3791\/63608"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2001.6207","article-title":"Murine Aortic Aneurysm Produced by Periarterial Application of Calcium Chloride","volume":"99","author":"Chiou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6844","article-title":"Rapamycin Inhibits CaCl2-Induced Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Rats through MTOR-Mediated Suppression of Proinflammatory Mediators","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.11.090","article-title":"Exploring Antibody-Dependent Adaptive Immunity against Aortic Extracellular Matrix Components in Experimental Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"68","author":"Coscas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authors\/Task Force Members, Erbel, R., Aboyans, V., Boileau, C., Bossone, E., Bartolomeo, R.D., Eggebrecht, H., Evangelista, A., Falk, V., and Frank, H. (2014). 2014 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases: Document Covering Acute and Chronic Aortic Diseases of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta of the AdultThe Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J., 35, 2873\u20132926.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu281"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.06.003","article-title":"Tobacco Smoking and Aortic Aneurysm: Two Population-Based Studies","volume":"167","author":"Sode","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.8707","article-title":"RESCAN collaborators Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data to Examine Factors Affecting Growth and Rupture of Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"99","author":"Sweeting","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J., and Tong, T. (2014). Estimating the Sample Mean and Standard Deviation from the Sample Size, Median, Range and\/or Interquartile Range. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2020.12.016","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus Lowers the Risk of Aortic Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2015.12.043","article-title":"Natural History and Risk Factors for Rupture of Thoracic Aortic Arch Aneurysms","volume":"63","author":"Yiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e1082","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"139","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161111311030005","article-title":"Anti-Platelet Treatment of Middle-Sized Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"11","author":"Lindholt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174516","article-title":"AHA\/ACC Guidelines for Secondary Prevention for Patients with Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2006 Update","volume":"113","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2020.01.039","article-title":"The Society for Vascular Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Visceral Aneurysms","volume":"72","author":"Chaer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.06.026","article-title":"Novel Measurement of Relative Aortic Size Predicts Rupture of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"81","author":"Davies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/096721090201000426","article-title":"Surgical Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms: Patient Selection, Techniques and Results","volume":"10","author":"Gloviczki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.1178","article-title":"Open Treatments for Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair","volume":"19","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methodist. Debakey Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"340","article-title":"Open Surgical Repair for Chronic Type B Aortic Dissection: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/j.optechstcvs.2018.07.002","article-title":"Open Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Step-by-Step","volume":"23","author":"Ouzounian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.05.056","article-title":"Thoracoabdominal Aortic Disease and Repair: JACC Focus Seminar, Part 3","volume":"80","author":"Ouzounian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2021-taes-24","article-title":"Endovascular Repair for Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Current Status and Future Challenges","volume":"10","author":"Tenorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004982","article-title":"Midterm Outcomes of a Prospective, Nonrandomized Study to Evaluate Endovascular Repair of Complex Aortic Aneurysms Using Fenestrated-Branched Endografts","volume":"274","author":"Oderich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S138","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2017.09.17","article-title":"Complications of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta: Evaluation and Management","volume":"8","author":"Daye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"57","article-title":"A Concise Review on the Classification and Nomenclature of Stem Cells","volume":"25","author":"Can","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.12.011","article-title":"Capturing Totipotent Stem Cells","volume":"22","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.02.008","article-title":"Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells to Clinically Relevant Populations: Lessons from Embryonic Development","volume":"132","author":"Murry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.1.5","article-title":"Human Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"113","author":"Pera","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5391.1145","article-title":"Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts","volume":"282","author":"Thomson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151526","article-title":"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells","volume":"318","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024","article-title":"Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors","volume":"126","author":"Takahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.019","article-title":"Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors","volume":"131","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.023","article-title":"Oct4-Induced Pluripotency in Adult Neural Stem Cells","volume":"136","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"185","article-title":"Totipotency, Pluripotency and Nuclear Reprogramming","volume":"114","author":"Mitalipov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329459","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1329459","article-title":"The Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Blood Cells: An Efficient Protocol Using Serial Plating of Reprogrammed Cells by Centrifugation","volume":"2016","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011010106","article-title":"Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Urine","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Historical Overview and Concepts","volume":"21","author":"Charbord","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Gene"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02755-w","article-title":"Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000114131.79899.82","article-title":"Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Endovascular Therapy Stabilizes Already Developed Aneurysms in a Model of Aortic Injury Elicited by Inflammation and Proteolysis","volume":"239","author":"Allaire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2020.0058","article-title":"Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression in Sprague-Dawley Rats: Implication of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation","volume":"29","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36445","article-title":"Perivascular Scaffolds Loaded with Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells Attenuate Development and Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Rats","volume":"106","author":"Parvizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.14.61","article-title":"Periadventitial Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Treatment Halts Elastase-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression","volume":"9","author":"Blose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-014-0586-4","article-title":"Mechanical Behavior of Abdominal Aorta Aneurysm in Rat Model Treated by Cell Therapy Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"14","author":"Zidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.03.007","article-title":"Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stabilize Already-Formed Aortic Aneurysms More Efficiently than Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in a Rat Model","volume":"45","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2023.152041","article-title":"Advantages of Mesenchymal Stem Cell over the Other Stem Cells","volume":"125","author":"Gopalarethinam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001677","article-title":"Reestablishment of the Endothelial Lining by Endothelial Cell Therapy Stabilizes Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"127","author":"Franck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.127347","article-title":"Paracrine Effect of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in the Prevention of Aortic Aneurysm Formation","volume":"36","author":"Allaire","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62033-4","article-title":"The First Tissue-Engineered Airway Transplantation: 5-Year Follow-up Results","volume":"383","author":"Gonfiotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61598-6","article-title":"Clinical Transplantation of a Tissue-Engineered Airway","volume":"372","author":"Macchiarini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00188","article-title":"Angiogenesis in Tissue Engineering: As Nature Intended?","volume":"8","author":"Mastrullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"79","article-title":"Scaffolds in Vascular Regeneration: Current Status","volume":"11","author":"Thottappillil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-022-02419-1","article-title":"Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications and Current Updates in the Field: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"23","author":"Eldeeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.-H., Hsia, K., Ma, H., Lee, H., and Lu, J.-H. (2018). In Vivo Performance of Decellularized Vascular Grafts: A Review Article. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072101"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Han, E.X. (2019). Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9156921","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9156921","article-title":"Bioprinting of Vascularized Tissue Scaffolds: Influence of Biopolymer, Cells, Growth Factors, and Gene Delivery","volume":"2019","author":"Sarker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5680","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00483C","article-title":"Surface Modification and Endothelialization of Biomaterials as Potential Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"44","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2005.11.226","article-title":"Human Endothelial Cell Interaction with Biomimetic Surfactant Polymers Containing Peptide Ligands from the Heparin Binding Domain of Fibronectin","volume":"11","author":"Sagnella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.11.011","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Completely Autologous Human Tissue Engineered Blood Vessels Compared to Human Saphenous Vein and Mammary Artery","volume":"30","author":"Konig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devillard, C.D., and Marquette, C.A. (2021). Vascular Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Requirements for an Ideal Large Scale Blood Vessel. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.721843"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt156","article-title":"Vascular Tissue Engineering: Biodegradable Scaffold Platforms to Promote Angiogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Serbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.12.012","article-title":"Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts with Advanced Mechanical Strength from Human IPSCs","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30247","article-title":"Current Status of Prosthetic Bypass Grafts: A Review","volume":"74","author":"Kannan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B. Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.2.581","article-title":"Enhanced Endothelialization and Microvessel Formation in Polyester Grafts Seeded with CD34+ Bone Marrow Cells","volume":"95","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I-159","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.001172","article-title":"Functional Growth in Tissue-Engineered Living, Vascular Grafts: Follow-Up at 100 Weeks in a Large Animal Model","volume":"114","author":"Hoerstrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Atala, A., Lanza, R., Mikos, A.G., and Nerem, R. (2019). Principles of Regenerative Medicine, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(98)70315-0","article-title":"Creation Of Viable Pulmonary Artery Autografts Through Tissue Engineering","volume":"115","author":"Shinoka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"47","article-title":"A Completely Biological Tissue-Engineered Human Blood Vessel","volume":"12","author":"Germain","year":"1998","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"5","article-title":"Sheet\u2013Based Tissue Engineering: From Bench Top to the First Clinical Use of a Completely Biological Tissue Engineered Blood Vessel","volume":"20","author":"Dusserre","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041402","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5099306","article-title":"Tissue-Engineering of Vascular Grafts Containing Endothelium and Smooth-Muscle Using Triple-Coaxial Cell Printing","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GnanaDev, R., Malkoc, A., Jeney, A.B., Mikael, A., and Andacheh, I. (2023). A Multicenter Analysis of Revision of Aneurysmal Dialysis Access Using Bovine Carotid Artery Conduit. Ann. Vasc. Surg., S0890-5096(23)00288-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2023.05.030"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"7","article-title":"Engineering of Human Vascular Aortic Tissue Based on A Xenogeneic Starter Matrix","volume":"70","author":"Bader","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-017-9673-y","article-title":"Development and Characterisation of a Large Diameter Decellularised Vascular Allograft","volume":"19","author":"Aldridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.12.039","article-title":"Ex Vivo Blood Vessel Bioreactor for Analysis of the Biodegradation of Magnesium Stent Models with and without Vessel Wall Integration","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015009","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab47f0","article-title":"Layer-Specific Cell Differentiation in Bi-Layered Vascular Grafts under Flow Perfusion","volume":"12","author":"Pennings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.09.086","article-title":"A Small Diameter Elastic Blood Vessel Wall Prepared under Pulsatile Conditions from Polyglycolic Acid Mesh and Smooth Muscle Cells Differentiated from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac823","article-title":"Targeting Endothelial Tight Junctions to Predict and Protect Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117659","article-title":"MMPs and ADAMs\/ADAMTS Inhibition Therapy of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"253","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248412455695","article-title":"Effect of Novel Limited-Spectrum MMP Inhibitor XL784 in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"17","author":"Ennis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215809","article-title":"Exosomes in Urological Diseases\u2014Biological Functions and Clinical Applications","volume":"544","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402","article-title":"Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation","volume":"9","author":"Hayder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10513","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804549105","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs as Stable Blood-Based Markers for Cancer Detection","volume":"105","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122ra22","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003441","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 Blocks Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Development and Nicotine-Augmented Expansion","volume":"4","author":"Maegdefessel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019862","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019862","article-title":"MiR-133a Replacement Attenuates Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Akerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/5878\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:48:15Z","timestamp":1760129295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/5878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12185878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12185878","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]}}}