{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:11:44Z","timestamp":1788541904482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education","award":["501-1-019-56-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501-1-019-56-23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during pregnancy can negatively affect both the mother and the baby. Our main goal is to show whether there is an association between OSA during pregnancy and delivering small for gestational age (SGA) infants. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 statement using three databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. All databases were last accessed on 1 June 2023. The implemented systematic literature search identified 744 articles. After excluding reviews, meta-analyses, book chapters, case reports, and letters, 47 studies were analyzed, 18 of which finally met the inclusion criteria. The included studies mainly indicate that OSA during pregnancy may not significantly impact SGA, but some of them have shown the existence of this relation. Nevertheless, it is recommended that all pregnant women should be screened for symptoms of OSA and that sleep tests should be performed on those who show signs of it. Detecting and treating OSA early in pregnancy can help reduce the condition\u2019s negative effects. However, more extensive studies are still needed to gather clear evidence on the impact of an OSA diagnosis on mothers and babies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T04:06:13Z","timestamp":1694750773000},"page":"5972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Relation between Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy and Delivering Small for Gestational Age Infant\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alicja","family":"Grajczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-7664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"D\u017caman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Czerwaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kasperczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zgliczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5461-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kosi\u0144ska-Kaczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.11.004","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and sleep disorders in pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Middleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1711727","article-title":"Association between adverse perinatal outcomes and sleep disturbances during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101436","article-title":"Sleep disturbances during pregnancy and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004866","article-title":"Common Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy","volume":"140","author":"Facco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1519-7517","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy, Influencing Factors and Quality of Life","volume":"226","author":"Sert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z. Geburtshilfe Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20190098","article-title":"Sleep disorders in pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Silvestri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2016). Hidden Health Crisis Costing America Billions: Underdiagnosing and Undertreating Obstructive Sleep Apnea Draining Healthcare System, Frost & Sullivan."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.6.555","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing and pregnancy","volume":"57","author":"Edwards","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"101","article-title":"Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Pregnancy","volume":"1375","author":"Szczurowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.54.4.874","article-title":"Sexual influence on the control of breathing","volume":"54","author":"White","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100775","article-title":"Trends in and outcomes associated with obstructive sleep apnea during deliveries in the United States, 2000\u20132019","volume":"5","author":"Frappaolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-00904-3","article-title":"A Review of the Associations between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Possible Mechanisms of Disease","volume":"30","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S363792","article-title":"Sleep Disturbances Before Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9578","article-title":"High prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in pregnant women with class III obesity: A prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Johns","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201906-473OC","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Associated with Newly Diagnosed Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Pien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.05.014","article-title":"The effect of sleep impairment on gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"219","article-title":"Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"58","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-018-1758-8","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for preeclampsia-eclampsia","volume":"23","author":"Jaimchariyatam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: Update of the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes022","article-title":"High STOP-Bang score indicates a high probability of obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"108","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-7-199910050-00002","article-title":"Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Netzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9244","article-title":"The Berlin Questionnaire in pregnancy predominantly identifies obesity","volume":"17","author":"Levine","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepx.2023.100061","article-title":"Clinical application of a previously validated pregnancy-specific screening tool for sleep apnea in a cohort with a high prevalence of obesity","volume":"5","author":"Bajaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med. X"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/09691413211043911","article-title":"Predicting perinatal outcomes with an obstructive sleep apnea screening tool","volume":"29","author":"Seybold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Screen"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7754","article-title":"The STOP-Bang Questionnaire as a Screening Tool for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Pearson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-018-1724-5","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy: Performance of a rapid screening tool","volume":"23","author":"Balserak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-018-1714-7","article-title":"The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and its association with pregnancy-related health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghesqui\u00e8re, L., Deruelle, P., Ramdane, Y., Garabedian, C., Charley-Monaca, C., and Dalmas, A.F. (2020). Obstructive sleep apnea in obese pregnant women: A prospective study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238733"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100571","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of sleep study surveillance with targeted autoregulated positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Kalkhoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1159\/000013990","article-title":"Brief, intermittent hypoxia restricts fetal growth in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"73","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01066.2016","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia in utero damages postnatal growth and cardiovascular function in rats","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00303.2019","article-title":"Placental oxygen transfer reduces hypoxia-reoxygenation swings in fetal blood in a sheep model of gestational sleep apnea","volume":"127","author":"Almendros","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/10641955.2018.1498879","article-title":"Objective assessment of obstructive sleep apnea in normal pregnant and preeclamptic women","volume":"37","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220284","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the development of severe fetal growth restriction","volume":"137","author":"Gumina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsz072","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz072","article-title":"The effect of maternal obstructive sleep apnea on the placenta","volume":"42","author":"Kidron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wells, G., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2014). Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale Cohort Studies, University of Ottawa."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac032","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac032","article-title":"Polysomnographic analysis of maternal sleep position and its relationship to pregnancy complications and sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"45","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.02.043","article-title":"Objectively assessed sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy and infant birthweight","volume":"81","author":"Hawkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, D.L., Howard, M.E., Fung, A.M., O\u2019Donoghue, F.J., Barnes, M., Lappas, M., and Walker, S.P. (2020). The presence of coexisting sleep-disordered breathing among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy does not worsen perinatal outcome. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229568"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-018-1134-4","article-title":"The Impact of Sleep-Disordered Breathing on Severity of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Feto-Maternal Outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Suri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. India"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29052-y","article-title":"Mild Maternal Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Non-obese Pregnant Women and Accelerated Fetal Growth","volume":"8","author":"Telerant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0127-6","article-title":"Effects of maternal obstructive sleep apnea on fetal growth: A case-control study","volume":"38","author":"Kneitel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-208038","article-title":"Maternal sleep-disordered breathing and the risk of delivering small for gestational age infants: A prospective cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Pamidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5890","article-title":"Population-Based Study of Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy and Maternal and Infant Outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Bin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3644","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and severe maternal-infant morbidity\/mortality in the United States, 1998\u20132009","volume":"37","author":"Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.12.035","article-title":"Implications of sleep-disordered breathing in pregnancy","volume":"210","author":"Facco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.25","article-title":"Association of adverse perinatal outcomes with screening measures of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"34","author":"Antony","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fung, A.M., Wilson, D.L., Lappas, M., Howard, M., Barnes, M., O\u2019Donoghue, F., Tong, S., Esdale, H., Fleming, G., and Walker, S.P. (2013). Effects of Maternal Obstructive Sleep Apnoea on Fetal Growth: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068057"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31826eb9d8","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes associated with obstructive sleep apnea in obese pregnant women","volume":"120","author":"Louis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.09.006","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.10.867","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal morbidities associated with obstructive sleep apnea complicating pregnancy","volume":"202","author":"Louis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.07.009","article-title":"Hypertension, fetal growth restriction and obstructive sleep apnoea in pregnancy","volume":"141","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.08.012","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy and fetal outcome","volume":"100","author":"Sahin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340701662183","article-title":"Oxidative stress markers in pregnant women who snore and fetal outcome: A case control study","volume":"86","author":"Sahin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00177.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), the maintenance of wakefulness test and the epworth sleepiness scale: Failure of the MSLT as a gold standard","volume":"9","author":"Johns","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31816ff3bf","article-title":"The Epworth sleepiness scale in the identification of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"196","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8416","article-title":"Sleep position and breathing in late pregnancy and perinatal outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Dunietz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020256","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020256","article-title":"Modifying maternal sleep position in the third trimester of pregnancy with positional therapy: A randomised pilot trial","volume":"8","author":"Kember","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174420000355","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing in pregnancy: A developmental origin of offspring obesity?","volume":"12","author":"Farabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12958","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea in multiple pregnancy","volume":"59","author":"Dave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e8","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Associated With Late-Onset Preeclampsia in Overweight Pregnant Women in Korea","volume":"38","author":"Ryu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"e30387","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Tayade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsab281","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab281","article-title":"Association between sleep disordered breathing in early pregnancy and glucose metabolism","volume":"45","author":"Sanapo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006223","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Gravidas with Chronic Hypertension Compared to Matched Controls: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"136","author":"Dominguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0000000000000360","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnant women","volume":"60","author":"Dominguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Anesthesiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.a2020.0104","article-title":"An assessment of risks associated with obstructive sleep apnea and its relationship with adverse health outcomes among pregnant women. A multi-hospital based study","volume":"88","author":"Joseph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201902-131OC","article-title":"A Screening Algorithm for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac Soc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7834","article-title":"Anthropometric Measures and Prediction of Maternal Sleep-Disordered Breathing","volume":"15","author":"Bourjeily","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.09.001","article-title":"Screening extremely obese pregnant women for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"219","author":"Dominguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.210","article-title":"Screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea in extremely obese women during pregnancy","volume":"220","author":"Aguiar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7216","article-title":"Changes in Sleep Characteristics and Breathing Parameters During Sleep in Early and Late Pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"Keenan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9340","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy: 1 sleep study may not be enough in high-risk women","volume":"17","author":"Sanapo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"34","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy: Early Lessons from Our Sleep Pregnancy Clinic","volume":"120","author":"Antony","year":"2021","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9681595","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9681595","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Markers among Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients","volume":"2021","author":"Stanek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13654","article-title":"The effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure for treating obstructive sleep apnoea in pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Nugent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02397-x","article-title":"The effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on hypertensive disorder in pregnant women with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"26","author":"Baturan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-022-02669-0","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and hypertensive complications in high-risk pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Rice","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20210024","article-title":"The cardiovascular, metabolic, fetal and neonatal effects of CPAP use in pregnant women: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Migueis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.S., Moon, M.J., Lee, Y.H., Chae, K.Y., and Ahn, E.H. (2020). Treatment of superimposed preeclampsia on chronic hypertension in a twin pregnancy with automatic continuous positive airway pressure: A case report. BMC Pulm. Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01196-6"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6972","article-title":"Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in Gestational Diabetes With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Chirakalwasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-022-02681-4","article-title":"Adherence and efficacy of mandibular advancement splint treatment of sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Huynh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/5972\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:51:10Z","timestamp":1760129470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/5972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12185972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12185972","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]}}}