{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:25:06Z","timestamp":1788791106197,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007088","name":"Jagiellonian University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K\/ZDS\/004586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/ZDS\/004586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) prevalence in Poland is more frequent in individuals who live in a city. There are more studies demonstrating that long-term exposure to air pollutants is an independent risk factor for developing AD. The aim of the study was to assess the epidemiology of AD and food allergy (FA) in school children and adolescents living in Krakow, and to find a potential relationship between the incidence of atopic dermatitis with exposure to polluted air. In this paper, we presented the incidence of AD and FA between 2014 and 2018. We analyzed data collected from nearly 30,000 children aged 7\u20138 and adolescents aged 16\u201317 from the population of children and youth in Krakow. We correlated it with annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, which indicated a gradual improvement in the air quality in Krakow. As our research results show that the prevalence of atopic dermatitis decreased with food allergy prevalence depending on the age group. We can suspect that this is the result of children growing out of a food allergy. It may be also influenced by more consequential eating habits in a group of adolescents and the elimination of allergenic foods from the diet. The decreasing incidence of atopic dermatitis appears to be also related to improvement in air quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T04:06:13Z","timestamp":1694750773000},"page":"5982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy in Children Living in an Urban Agglomeration\u2014Is There a Current Relationship?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7721-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Mazur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna St. 3, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5689-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Dyga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna St. 3, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Czarnobilska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna St. 3, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) (2022, December 01). Advocacy Manifesto Tackling the Allergy Crisis in Europe\u2014Concerted Policy Action Needed. June 2015 Version. Available online: http:\/\/www.eaaci.org\/outreach\/public-declarations.html."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"713","article-title":"Growing problem of allergy in population of children and adolescents living in Polish cities","volume":"72","author":"Mazur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Lek."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000837","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes of adult atopic dermatitis and related therapies","volume":"22","author":"Patruno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis is a serious health problem in Poland. Epidemiology studies based on the ECAP study","volume":"32","author":"Sybilski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol.\/Post\u0119py Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00130832-200410000-00009","article-title":"Role of food allergy in atopic dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Werfel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.193673","article-title":"Food Allergy in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"61","author":"Dhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000638","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and its relation to food allergy","volume":"20","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.05.061","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and incidence of atopic dermatitis in the general population: A national population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"87","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papapostolou, N., Xepapadaki, P., Gregoriou, S., and Makris, M. (2022). Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy: A Complex Interplay What We Know and WhatWeWould Like to Learn. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144232"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483","article-title":"International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): Rationale and methods","volume":"8","author":"Asher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). Annual Assessment of Air Quality in the Ma\u0142opolskie Voivodship. Voivodship Report for 2018. (Polish: Roczna Ocena Jako\u015bci Powietrza w Wojew\u00f3dztwie Ma\u0142opolskim. Raport Wojew\u00f3dzki Za Rok 2018), Available online: http:\/\/powietrze.gios.gov.pl\/pjp\/documents\/download\/103138."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14891","article-title":"Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: Part I","volume":"32","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12429","article-title":"EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines. Diagnosis and management offood allergy","volume":"69","author":"Muraro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur, M., Czarnobilska, M., Dyga, W., and Czarnobilska, E. (2022). Trends in the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases of the Airways in Children Growing Up in an Urban Agglomeration. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082188"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.10.005","article-title":"Climate changes, air pollution and allergic diseases in childhood and adolescence","volume":"98","author":"Sole","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105browiecki, P., Adamkiewicz, \u0141., Mucha, D., Czechowski, P.O., Soli\u0144ski, M., Chcia\u0142owski, A., and Badyda, A. (2021). Impact of Air Pollution on Lung Function among Preadolescent Children in Two Cities in Poland. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112375"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105browiecki, P., Chcia\u0142owski, A., D\u0105browiecka, A., and Badyda, A. (2022). Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Admission Due to Asthma in the Three Largest Urban Agglomerations in Poland: A Time-Stratified, Case-Crossover Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105988"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratajczak, A., Badyda, A., Czechowski, P.O., Czarnecki, A., Dubrawski, M., and Feleszko, W. (2021). Air Pollution Increases the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms among Polish Children. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102150"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2015.31.2.089","article-title":"Influences of Environmental Chemicals on Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"31","author":"Kwangmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goossens, J., Jonckheere, A.-C., Dupont, L.J., and Bullens, D.M. (2021). Air pollution and the airways: Lessons from a century of human urbanization. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12070898"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, December 01). Air Quality Guidelines [Cited 2021 June 1]. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publica-tions\/i\/item\/WHO-SDE-PHE-OEH-06.02."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.-M., Kim, J., Ha, S.-C., and Ahn, K. (2021). Effects of Exposure to Indoor Fine Particulate Matter on Atopic Dermatitis in Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111509"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00116109","article-title":"Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children","volume":"36","author":"Raherison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.110","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, climate, and prevalence of eczema in Taiwanese school children","volume":"128","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200701-036OC","article-title":"Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to traffic related air pollution in children","volume":"177","author":"Morgenstern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1159\/000320376","article-title":"Effects of prenatal and perinatal exposure to fine air pollutants and maternal fish consumption on the occurrence of infantile eczema","volume":"155","author":"Jedrychowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13314","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis severity during exposure to air pollutants and weather changes with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) analysis","volume":"31","author":"Patella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.04.019","article-title":"Symptoms of atopic dermatitis are influenced by outdoor air pollution","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.10.010","article-title":"Acute health effects of urban fine and ultrafine particles on children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"111","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408700","article-title":"Perinatal Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Atopy at 1 Year of Age in a Multi-Center Canadian Birth Cohort Study","volume":"123","author":"Sbihi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, Y.R., Park, S.Y., Choi, K., Hong, F.S., Kim, S., and Kim, H.S. (2020). Air pollution and atopic dermatitis (AD): The impact of particulate matter (PM10) on an AD mouse-model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176079"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/5982\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:51:33Z","timestamp":1760129493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/5982"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12185982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12185982","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]}}}